Elektronske cigarete sa različitim koncentracijama nikotina u tečnosti bez ukusa izazivaju oksidativni stres
Sažetak
Background/Aim: Nicotine content and flavour in electronic cigarette (e-cig) liquids have been demonstrated to cause oxidative stress in acute exposure. However, the chronic effects of using unflavoured and with or without nicotine in e-cigs liquid have not been evaluated. This in vivo study aims to investigate the chronic effect of e-cig exposure with unflavoured liquids at different nicotine concentrations on oxidative stress.
Methods: The 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six each. Normal, as a control group. Nic 0, Nic 6 and Nic 12 groups were exposed to unflavoured e-cig liquid for eight weeks with different nicotine concentrations: 0, 6 and 12 mg/mL, respectively. E-cig exposure in rats was conducted using an exposure instrument adjusted to real-life exposure to humans. Oxidative stress markers, including plasma, liver and lung malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as plasma catalase (Cat) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were assessed at the end of the study.
Results: Unflavoured e-cig liquids induced oxidative stress in a nicotine concentration-dependent manner, in which the nicotine content of 12 mg/mL demonstrated the greatest response. There was a significant increase in plasma, liver and lung MDA and concurrently decreased plasma and selected organs SOD, as well as plasma Cat and GPx in all nicotine concentration exposed groups compared to the Normal group.
Conclusions: Chronic unflavoured liquids in e-cig exposure at different nicotine concentrations induced oxidative stress, potentially leading to various oxidative stress-induced diseases.
Reference
1. Bandi P, Cahn Z, Goding Sauer A, Douglas CE, Drope J, Jemal A, et al. Trends in e-cigarette use by age group and combustible cigarette smoking histories, U.S. adults, 2014–2018. Am J Prev Med 2021 Feb;60(2):151–8.
2. Fauzi R, Areesantichai C. Factors associated with electronic cigarettes use among adolescents in Jakarta, Indonesia. J Heal Res 2022 Jan 13;36(1):2–11.
3. Lian TY, Dorotheo U. The tobacco control atlas: ASEAN region. Fifth. Bangkok: Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance (SEATCA); 2021. Pp. 124–135.
4. Garcia-Arcos I, Geraghty P, Baumlin N, Campos M, Dabo AJ, Jundi B, et al. Chronic electronic cigarette exposure in mice induces features of COPD in a nicotine-dependent manner. Thorax 2016;71(12):1119–29.
5. Lerner CA, Sundar IK, Yao H, Gerloff J, Ossip DJ, McIntosh S, et al. Vapors produced by electronic cigarettes and e-juices with flavorings induce toxicity, oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cells and in mouse lung. PLoS One 2015 Feb 6;10(2):e0116732. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116732.
6. Glynos C, Bibli SI, Katsaounou P, Pavlidou A, Magkou C, Karavana V, et al. Comparison of the effects of e-cigarette vapor with cigarette smoke on lung function and inflammation in mice. Am J Physiol - Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018;315(5):L662–72.
7. Hasan KM, Friedman TC, Shao X, Parveen M, Sims C, Lee DL, et al. E‐cigarettes and western diet: important metabolic risk factors for hepatic diseases. Hepatology 2019 Jun 12;69(6):2442–54.
8. Kuntic M, Oelze M, Steven S, Kröller-Schön S, Stamm P, Kalinovic S, et al. Short-term e-cigarette vapour exposure causes vascular oxidative stress and dysfunction: Evidence for a close connection to brain damage and a key role of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase (NOX-2). Eur Heart J 2020;41(26):2472-83A.
9. Sayed MM, Elgamal DA, Farrag AA, Gomaa AMS. Nicotine-induced oxidative stress alters sciatic nerve barriers in rat through modulation of ZO-1 & VEGF expression. Tissue Cell 2019;60(April):60–9.
10. Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, et al. Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017;2017:1–13.
11. Andrikopoulos GI, Zagoriti Z, Topouzis S, Poulas K. Oxidative stress induced by electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): Focus on respiratory system. Curr Opin Toxicol 2019;13:81–9.
12. Muthumalage T, Prinz M, Ansah KO, Gerloff J, Sundar IK, Rahman I. Inflammatory and oxidative responses induced by exposure to commonly used e-cigarette flavoring chemicals and flavored e-liquids without nicotine. Front Physiol 2018;8(JAN):1–13.
13. Elsonbaty SM, Ismail AFM. Nicotine encourages oxidative stress and impairment of rats’ brain mitigated by Spirulina platensis lipopolysaccharides and low-dose ionising radiation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020;689(April):108382. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108382.
14. Ogunwale MA, Li M, Ramakrishnam Raju M V., Chen Y, Nantz MH, Conklin DJ, et al. Aldehyde detection in electronic cigarette aerosols. ACS Omega 2017 Mar 31;2(3):1207–14.
15. Kaisar MA, Prasad S, Liles T, Cucullo L. A decade of e-cigarettes: Limited research & unresolved safety concerns. Toxicology 2016 Jul;365:67–75.
16. Arifin WN, Zahiruddin WM. Sample size calculation in animal studies using resource equation approach. Malaysian J Med Sci 2017;24(5):101–5.
17. Ismail NA, Nabila T, Ramadhani AS, Ahsani DN. Electronic and conventional cigarette exposure aggravate metabolic parameters in high-fat diet-induced rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022 May 4;10(A):841–7.
18. Tatsuta M, Kan-o K, Ishii Y, Yamamoto N, Ogawa T, Fukuyama S, et al. Effects of cigarette smoke on barrier function and tight junction proteins in the bronchial epithelium: protective role of cathelicidin LL-37. Respir Res 2019 Nov 9;20(1):251. doi: 10.1186/s12931-019-1226-4..
19. Prasedya ES, Ambana Y, Martyasari NWR, Aprizal Y, Nurrijawati, Sunarpi. Short-term E-cigarette toxicity effects on brain cognitive memory functions and inflammatory responses in mice. Toxicol Res 2020 Jul 4;36(3):267–73.
20. Antoniewicz L, Brynedal A, Hedman L, Lundbäck M, Bosson JA. Acute effects of electronic cigarette inhalation on the vasculature and the conducting airways. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2019;19(5):441–50.
21. Ohta K, Uchiyama S, Inaba Y, Nakagome H, Kunugita N. Determination of carbonyl compounds generated from the electronic cigarette using coupled silica cartridges impregnated with hydroquinone and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Bunseki Kagaku 2011;60(10):791–7.
22. Bekki K, Uchiyama S, Ohta K, Inaba Y, Nakagome H, Kunugita N. Carbonyl compounds generated from electronic cigarettes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11(11):11192–200.
23. Bein K, Leikauf GD. Acrolein - a pulmonary hazard. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011 Sep;55(9):1342–60.
24. Chen D, Fang L, Li H, Jin C. The effects of acetaldehyde exposure on histone modifications and chromatin structure in human lung bronchial epithelial cells. Environ Mol Mutagen 2018;59(5):375–85.
25. Lam J, Koustas E, Sutton P, Padula AM, Cabana MD, Vesterinen H, et al. Exposure to formaldehyde and asthma outcomes: A systematic review, meta-analysis and economic assessment. PLoS One 2021 Mar 31;16(3):e0248258. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248258.
lang=EN-GB style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>
field-end'>
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).