Factors affecting agricultural emissions in the Western Balkans: Panel data analysis
Abstract
Reducing agricultural emissions is one of the most important issues in global policy, which is becoming increasingly challenging as time goes on. To address this, our study explores the major determinants of agricultural emissions in the Western Balkans while considering gross domestic product (GDP), agriculture value added, trade, energy use in agriculture, and foreign direct investments (FDI). The empirical results based on panel data analysis showed that GDP does not have a significant impact on emissions. Agriculture value added has had a significant and negative impact on nitrous oxide emissions and a significant and positive impact on methane emissions. Trade has significantly negatively affected nitrous oxide and methane emissions, while energy consumption has had a significant and positive impact on nitrous oxide and methane emissions. FDI has had a significant and positive impact on methane emissions, while its effect on nitrous oxide emissions was not statistically significant. This article can serve as a basis for further research on the topic.
References
Alam, M.M., Murad, M.W., Noman, A.H.M., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia. Ecological Indicators, 70, 466–479.
Alkhathlan, K., & Javid, M. (2013). Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1525–1532.
Amri, F. (2018). Carbon dioxide emissions, total factor productivity, ICT, trade, financial development, and energy consumption: testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Tunisia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25 (33), 33691–33701.
Balkan Barometer Council (2019). Balkan Barometer 2019: Public Opinion Survey. Retrieved from: https://www.rcc.int/pubs/89/balkan-barometer-2019-public-opinion-survey
De Vita, G., Katircioglu, S., Altinay, L., Fethi, S., & Mercan, M. (2015). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in a tourism development context. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22 (21), 16652–16663.
European Commission (2020). Guidelines for the Implementation of the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans. Retrieved from: https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/202010/green_agenda_for_the_western_balkans_en.pdf
FAO (2023). FAOstat Database. Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data
IPCC (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from: https://www.unep.org/ndc/resources/report/climate-change-2021-physical-science-basis-working-group-i-contribution-sixth
Kresovic, B., Matovic, G., Gregoric, E., Djuricin, S., & Bodroza, D. (2014). Irrigation as a climate change impact mitigation measure: An agronomic and economic assessment of maize production in Serbia. Agricultural Water Management, 139 (3-4), 7-16.
Liu, J., Li, L., Chen, X., Lu, Y., & Wang, D. (2019). Effects of heat stress on body temperature, milk production, and reproduction in dairy cows: a novel idea for monitoring and evaluation of heat stress — A review. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences, 32 (9), 1332-1339.
Lukic, T., Stojsavljevic, R., Durdev, B., Nad, I., & Dercan, B. (2012). Depopulation in the Western Balkan countries. European Journal of Geography, 3 (2), 6-23.
Mahmood, H., Furqan, M., Alkhateeb, T.T.Y., & Fawaz, M.M. (2019). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve in Egypt: role of foreign investment and trade. IJEEP, 9 (2), 225-228.
Müller, D., & Hofmann, M. (2022). Impacts of climate change on agriculture and recommendations for adaptation measures in the Western Balkans. IAMO. Retrieved from: https://lsg.iamo.de/microsites/lsg.iamo.de/fileadmin/Dokumente/Western-Balkan-08.07.2022.pdf
Nguyen, C.P., Le, T.H., Schinckus, C., & Su, T.D. (2021). Determinants of agricultural emissions: panel data evidence from a global sample. Environment and Development Economics, 26 (2), 109-130.
Prastiyo, S., Irham, E., Hardyastuti, E., & Jamhari, S. (2020). How agriculture, manufacture, and urbanization induced carbon emission? The case of Indonesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 (33), 42092–42103.
Raihan, A. (2023). Toward sustainable and green development in Chile: dynamic influences of carbon emission reduction variables. Innovative Green Development, 2, (2) 100038.
Regional Cooperation Council (2018). Study on climate change in the Western Balkans region. Retrieved from: file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/2018-05-Study-on-Climate-Change-in-WB-2a-lowres.pdf
Sadorsky, P. (2013). Do urbanization and industrialization affect energy intensity in developing countries? Energy Economics, 37, 52–59.
Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: a bound testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356.
Usman, O., Iorember, P.T., & Olanipekun, I.O. (2019). Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in India: the effects of energy consumption and democracy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26 (13), 13390–13400.
Vuković, A.J., Vujadinović, M.P., Rendulić, S.M., Đurđević, V.S., Ruml, M.M., Babić, V.P., & Popović, D.P. (2018). Global warming impact on climate change in Serbia for the period 1961-2100. Thermal Science, 22 (6), 2267-2280.
World Bank (2023). World Development Indicators. Retrieved from: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#
Zhang, S., Liu, X., & Bae, J. (2017). Does trade openness affect CO2 emissions: evidence from ten newly industrialized countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24 (21), 17616–17625.
The Author wishes to submit the Work to SJM for publication. To enable SJM to publish the Work and to give effect to the parties’ intention set forth herein, they have agreed to cede the first right to publication and republication in the SJM Journal.
Cession
The Author hereby cedes to SJM, who accepts the cession, to the copyright in and to the paper.
The purpose of the cession is to enable SJM to publish the Work, as first publisher world-wide, and for republication in the SJM Journal, and to grant the right to others to publish the Work world-wide, for so long as such copyright subsists;
SJM shall be entitled to edit the work before publication, as it deems fit, subject to the Authors approval
The Author warrants to SJM that:
- the Author is the owner of the copyright in the Work, whether as author or as reassigned from the Author’s employee and that the Author is entitled to cede the copyright to SJM;
- the paper (or any of its part) is not submitted or accepted for publication in any other Journal;
- the Work is an original work created by the Author;
- the Author has not transferred, ceded, or assigned the copyright, or any part thereof, to any third party; or granted any third party a licence or other right to the copyright, which may affect or detract from the rights granted to SJM in terms of this agreement.
The Author hereby indemnifies the SJM as a body and its individual members, to the fullest extent permitted in law, against all or any claims which may arise consequent to the warranties set forth.
No monetary consideration shall be payable by SJM to the Author for the cession, but SJM shall clearly identify the Author as having produced the Work and ensure that due recognition is given to the Author in any publication of the Work.
Should SJM, in its sole discretion, elect not to publish the Work within 1 year after the date of this agreement, the cession shall lapse and be of no further effect. In such event the copyright shall revert to the Author and SJM shall not publish the Work, or any part thereof, without the Author’s prior written consent.