Ćelijska izolacija zatvorenika kao vid ekstremne marginalizacije
Sažetak
Lišavanje slobode lica, izvršilaca dela koja zajednica smatra neprihvatljivim pre no što im se izrekne sankcija ili kao vid kažnjavanja je pojava koja seže u najranije razdoblje ljudske civilizacije. Tek na prelazu iz srednjeg u novi vek to postaje pravom regulisani način reagovanja na kriminalitet. S uvođenjem kazne lišenja slobode u registar krivičnih sankcija, nastaju i prve ustanove u kojima se zatvaranje sprovodi. Zanimljivo je da je prvi osmišljeni modalitet izvršenja kazne zatvora podrazumevao strogu ćelijsku izolaciju i da je on ubrzo napušten zbog ozbiljnih nedostataka koje je pokazao. Međutim, poslednjih decenija XX veka s otvaranjem supermaks kaznionica (supermax units) taj model se ponovo javlja, prvo u SAD, a zatim i mnogim drugim državama. I pored toga što su brojna istraživanja pokazala koliko je takav način kažnjavanja štetan po lica koja su dugotrajno izolovana, model opstaje i čak pokazuje tendenciju širenja. Ni pravni sistem Srbije nije ostao pošteđen nove mode marginalizacije lica lišenih slobode koja se primenjuje na učinioce najtežih krivičnih dela, a pre svega onih koja spadaju u kategoriju organizovanog kriminaliteta. Poslednje izmene krivičnog zakonodavstva stvaraju mogućnost da dođe do još većeg približavanja tog modela onom koji postoji u SAD, kao i do širenja kruga lica prema kojima će se on primenjivati.
Reference
Całkowska, K. (2018). American penitentary systems at the beginning of the 19th century through the eyes of European intellectuals, CRIMEN 9 (3), 303–320
Clear, T., Cole, G., Reisig, M. (2006). American Corrections, 7th ed., Belomont: Thomson Wadsworth
Collica K. (2005). Special housing units. In M. Bosworth (ed) Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, 913–917. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publ.
Davis A. (2005). Race, gender and prison history: from the convict lease system to supermax prisons. In D. Britton (ed) Gender and Prison. Aldershot: Ashgate Publ.
Hafemeister, T., George, J. (2013). The ninth cyrcle of hell: an Eight Amandment analysis of imposing prolonged solitary confinement on inmates with a mental illness, Denver University Law Review 90 (1), 1–54
Haney, C. (2005). Supermax prisons. In M. Bosworth (ed) Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, 938–944. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publ.
Hannem-Kish, S. (2005). Solitary confinement. In M. Bosworth (ed) Encyclopedia of Prisons & Correctional Facilities, 909–912. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publ.
Hresko T. (2006). In the cellars of hollow men – use of solitary confinement in U.S. prisons and its implications under international laws against torture, Pace International Law Review 18 (1), 1–27.
Ignjatović, Đ. (2018). Controversions of imprisonment and prisons, Sociologija 55 (4), 750–768 [in Serbian]
Ignjatović, Đ. (2018a). Criminology, 14th ed. Beograd: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu [in Serbian]
Ignjatović, Đ. (2018b). Penal Sanctions Execution Law, 6th ed. Beograd: Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu [in Serbian]
Jackson M. (1983). Prisoners of Isolation: Solitary Confimenent in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Jackson M. (2015). Reflections on 40 years of advocacy to end the isolation of Canadian prisons, Canadian Journal od Human Rights 4 (1), 57–87.
Jeffreys D. (2013). Spirituality in Dark Places – The Ethics of Solitary Confinement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Johnson, H., Wolfe, N. (1996). History of Criminal Justice, 2nd ed., Cincinnati: Anderson Publ.
Kaba F. et al. (2012). Solitary confinement and risk of self-harm among jail inmates, American Journal of Public Health 104 (3), 442–447
Mushlin M. (2012). Unlocating the courthouse door …, Federal Sentencing Reporter 24(4), 268–275
Newburn T. (2002). Atlantic crossing – ’Policy transfer’ and crime control in the USA and Britain, Punishment & Society 4 (2), 165–194
Parkes D. (2015). Ending the isolation – An introductory to special volume on human rights and solitary confinement, Canadian Journal on Human Rights 4 (1), vii-xiii
Piché J. (2016). Playing the “treasury card” to contest prison expansions: lessons from public criminology campaign, Social Justice 41 (3), 145–167
Piché, J., Major, K. (2015). Prisoner writing in / on solitary confinement: contributions from the Journal of Prisoners on Prisons (1988–2013), Canadian Journal of Human Rights 4 (1), 1–31
Pizzaro, J., Stenius, V. (2009). Supermax prison – their rise, current pratctices and effect on inmates. In M. Stohr, A. Walsh, C. Hemmens (eds.) Corrections –Text / Reader. Los Angeles: Sage Publ.
Ross J. (2007). Supermax prisons, Social Science and Modern Society 44 (3), 60–64
Rovner L. (2015). Dignity and Eight Amendment – new approach to challenging solitary confinement, Advance (9), 3–20
Rovner L. (2017). On litigating constitutional challenges to the supermax – improving conditions and shining a light, Denver Law Review 95 (2), 458–517
Schalanger M. (2012). Prison segregation – Symposium introduction and preliminary date on racial disparities, Michigan Journal of Race & Law 18/2013, 241–250
Shalev S. (2009). Supermax – Controlling Risk Through Solitary Confinement. Portland: Willan Publ.
Shalev S. (2015). Solitary confinement – the view from Europe, Canadian Journal of Human Rights 4 (1), 143–165
Stohr, M., Walsh, A., Hemmens, C. (2009) Corrections – A Text / Reader. Los Angeles: Sage Publ.
Sykes G. (1958). Society of Captives: A Study of Maximum Security Prison. Princeton: Pricenton University Press