Are there competition issues associated with fake news during COVID-19?

  • Ivana Ž. Rakić Commission for Protection of Competition of the Republic of Serbia, Institute of Comparative Law, Belgrade (Serbia)
Keywords: fake news, competition law, European Union law, COVID-19, infodemic

Abstract


Fake news is getting more attention because of the Internet and the rise of the online platforms and social networks, particularly in the age of COVID-19. Its sudden popularization creates important issues regarding how this phenomenon affects the society and democracy, as well as the consumers, competition and market.

The question is what happens when fake news are spread (online) and misused during pandemic – whether to apply the European Union competition law in such cases? The author considers that European Commission should not deal with fake news challenges in the context of potential anticompetitive conducts. It is pointed out that fake news problem is not a competitive problem because the struggle against fake news is about the content not the competition and market power.

References

Allcott H, Gentzkow M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election, Journal of Economic Perspectives 31(2), 211–236. doi: 10.1257/jep.31.2.211.

American Dialect Society (2017). “Fake news” is 2017 American Dialect Society word of the year. Available at https://www.americandialect.org/fake-news-is-2017-americandialect-society-word-of-the-year, 8 May 2020.

Cambridge Dictionary. Meaning of fake news in English. Available at https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/fake-news, 8 May 2020.

Chaiehloudj W. (2018). Fake news et droit de la concurrence: réflexions au prisme des cas Facebook et Google. Revue internationale de droit économique, 32 (1), 17–40. doi: 10.3917/ride.321.0017.

Collins Dictionary. Definition of ‘fake news’. Available at https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/fake-news. Accessed 8 May 2020.

Collins English Dictionary (2017). Collins 2017 Word of the Year Shortlist. Available at https://www.collinsdictionary.com/word-lovers-blog/new/collins-2017-word-of-theyear-shortlist,396,HCB.html, 8 May 2020.

Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings (2004). OJ C 31/3.

Guidelines on the assessment of non-horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings (2008). OJ C 265/7.

Crémer J, de Montjoye Y, Schweitzer H. (2019). Competition Policy for the digital era – Final report, Brussels: European Commission.

Cunha E. et al. (2018). Fake News as We Feel It: Perception and Conceptualization of the Term “Fake News” in the Media. In: S. Staab, O. Koltsova, D. Ignatov (eds.) Social Informatics. SocInfo 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science vol. 11185 (151–166). Cham: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-01129-1_10.

Dolmans M, Turner J, Zimbron R. (2017). Pandora’s Box of Online Ills: We Should Turn to Technology and Market-Driven Solutions before Imposing Regulation or Using Competition Law. Online Markets and Offline Welfare Effects – The Internet, Competition, Society and Democracy, 44–57. Oxford: Centre for Competition Law and Policy, Faculty of Law.

European Commission (2018a). A multi-dimensional approach to disinformation – Report of the independent High level Group on fake news and online disinformation. Luxembourg: European Commission.

European Commission (2018b). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions – Tackling online disinformation: a European Approach. COM/2018/236 final. Brussels.

European Commission (2020). Joint Communication to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Tackling COVID-19 disinformation – Getting the facts right. JOIN/2020/8 final. Brussels. 10.6.2020.

Facebook (2019). Facebook report on the implementation of the Code of Practice for Disinformation. Annual Report. September 2019.

Grunes A. (2017). Is “Fake News” A Competitive Problem?. CPI Antitrust Chronicle. December. 8–15.

House of Commons. Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee (2019) Disinformation and ‘fake news’: Final Report.

Hubbard S. (2017). Fake News Is A Real Antitrust Problem. Antitrust Chronicle. December. 16–22.

Hurwitz G. (2017). Fake News’s Not-So-Real Antitrust Problem: Content Remains King. CPI Antitrust Chronicle December. 36–40.

Independent (2017). ‘Fake news’ named Collins Dictionary’s official Word of the Year for 2017. Available at https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/fake-newsword-of-the-year-2017-collins-dictionary-donald-trump-kellyanne-conway-antifacorbynmania-a8032751.html, 8 May 2020.

Macquarie Dictionary (2016). Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year. Available at https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/resources/view/word/of/the/year/2016, 8 May 2020.

Merriam-Webster. The Real Story of ‘Fake News’. Available at https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-real-story-of-fake-news, 8 May 2020.

News article – Code of Practice on Disinformation (2018). 26 September 2018. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/code-practice-disinformation, 8 May 2020.

News article – Annual self-assessment reports of signatories to the Code of Practice on Disinformation 2019 (2019). 29 October 2019. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/annual-self-assessment-reports-signatories-code-practice-disinformation-2019, 8 May 2020.

OECD (2018). Non-price Effects of Mergers – Note by the European Union. OECD Competition committee meeting on 6-8 June 2018.

Press release – A Europe that protects: EU reports on progress in fighting disinformation ahead of European Council (2019). 14 June 2019. Brussels. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_2914, 8 May 2020.

Rakić I. (2020). Competition Law in the Age of COVID-19. Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu. 68(2). 25–61. doi: 10.5937/AnaliPFB2002025R.

Renda A. (2018). The legal framework to address “fake news”: possible policy actions at the EU level. Policy Department for Economic, Scientific and Quality of Life Policies.

Sacher S. B, Yun J. M. (2017). Fake News is not an Antitrust Problem, CPI Antitrust Chronicle December. 28–35.

Statement – Code of Practice on Disinformation one year on: online platforms submit self-assessment reports (2019). 29 October 2019. Brussels. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_19_6166, 8 May 2020.

Stucke M. E, Ezrachi A. (2018). How digital assistants can harm our economy, privacy, and democracy. Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 32 (3). 1239–1299. doi: 10.15779/Z383B5W79M.

Tandoc Edson C. Jr., Zheng Wei Lim, Richard Ling (2018). Defining “Fake News”. Digital Journalism, 6:2, 137-153. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143.

The Guardian (2017). Fake news is ‘very real’ word of the year for 2017. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/nov/02/fake-news-is-very-real-word-of-the-yearfor-2017, 8 May 2020.

WHO (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report – 13, 2 February 2020. Geneva: WHO.

Published
2020/10/04
Section
Original scientific paper