Expression and structure of national identity of students of the Faculty of education in Užice measured by Nait scale
Abstract
Many research instruments for measuring the degree of expression and components of national identity have been developed and tested, and one of the most commonly applied instruments in the context of former Yugoslav republics is the NAIT scale developed by Čorkalo and Kamenov. The aim of this study is to examine the degree of expression and structure of national identity among students by testing the multidimensional NAIT scale. This research is based on the assumptions of social identity theory developed by Tajfel and Turner, and starts from the existing psychological and sociological definitions of national identity and research on national identity. The students of the University of Kragujevac, the Faculty of Education, participated in the research (N=175). The research results indicate that the expression of national identity is higher with regard to the theoretical mean, and with regards to the results of some other research. The exploratory factor analysis singled out five components of students’ national identity: 1) national affiliation; 2) national pride and sentiment; 3) relevance of the sense of national belonging; 4) nationalism; and 5) cosmopolitism. Based on the research results, we identified differences in the individual basic dimensions of students’ national identity with regard to previous research.
References
Aichholzer, J., Kritzinger., S., & Plescia, C. (2021). National identity profiles and support for the European Union, European Union Politics, 22(2), 293-315. https://doi:10.1177/1465116520980068
Barrett, M. (2000). The Development of National Identity in Childhood and Adolescence. Guildford: University of Surrey.
Barrett, M. (2007). Children’s knowledge, beliefs and feelings about nations and national groups. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Beljanski, M. B., Šimonji Čerlak, R. J. & Karikova, S. (2018). National Identity of Students of Faculties of Education in Serbia and Slovakia. Sociološki pregled, 52(3), 960-984. DOI: 10.5937/socpreg52-16455
Blank, T., & Schmidt, P. (2003). National identity in a united Germany: Nationalism or Patriotism? An Empirical Test with Representative Data. Political Psychology, 24(2), 289-312.
Blank, T., Schmidt, P., & Westle, B. (2001). Patriotism – A Contradiction, a Possibility or an Empirical Reality? In: European consortium for political research joint sessions of workshops, 6-11 April 2001, Grenoble.
Bazić, J. (2011a). National and European Identity in the Bologna Process. Srpska politička misao, 33(3), 25-46. https://doi.org/10.22182/spm.3332011.2 [In Serbian]
Bazić, J. (2011b). Civic and National Education in Educational Policy of Serbia after the Changes in 2000. Nacionalni interes, 12(3), 219-239. https://doi.org/10.22182/ni.1232011.10 [In Serbian]
Božilović, J. (2012). Historical Development of Ideas about Cosmopolitan Society. Godišnjak za sociologiju, 8(9), 85-102. [In Serbian]
Cheng, A., & Szeto, E. (2019). Changing Hong Kong university students’ national identity through studying abroad. Asian Education and Development Studies, 8(2), 233- 247. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-05-2017-0045
Cinnirella, M. (1997). Towards an European identity? Interactions between the national and European social identities manifested by university students in Britain and Italy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36(1), 19-31.
Čorkalo, D., & Kamenov, Ž. (1998). National identity and inter ethnic tolerance. Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet. [In Croatian]
Čorkalo, D. & Kamenov, Ž. (2003). National identity and social distance: Does in-group loyalty lead to outgroup hostility. Review of Psychology, 10(2), 85-94.
Davidov, Е. (2010). Nationalism and Constructive Patriotism: A Longitudinal Test of Comparability in 22 Countries with the ISSP. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 23(1), 88-103. Available at: https://doi:10.1093/ijpor/edq031
Grozdanovska, E. (2016). The Relationship between National Identity, Subjective WellBeing and Meaning in Life. Suvremena psihologija, 19(1), 91-99. doi: 10.21465/2016-SP-191-08.
Guibernau, M. (2007). The Identity of Nations. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
Hand, M., & Pearce, J. (2009). Patriotism in British Schools: Principles, Practices and Press Hysteria. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 41(4), 453-465.
Hand, M., & Pearce, J. (2011). Patriotism in British Schools: Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives, Educational Studies, 37(4), 405-418.
Jovanović, B. (2012). The Role of School in Developing National and Pro-European Values. In: V. Trifunović (ed.). School as a Factor of Development of the National and Cultural Identity and Pro-European Values: Education between Tradition and Modernity (75-88). Jagodina: Pedagoški fakultet u Jagodini.
Jovanović, V. Ž. & Pavlović, V. (2013). The Attitudes of the Students of the Faculties of Philosophy in Niš and East Sarajevo towards the Relationship between Language and Identity. In: S. Gudurić et al., (ed.) Languages and Cultures in Time and Space II/1 (69-81). Novi Sad: Filozofski fakultet i Pedagoško društvo Vojvodine. [In Serbian]
Kamenov, Ž., Jelić, M., Huić, A., Franceško, M. & Mihić, V. (2006). National and European Identity and Attitudes toward the European Integrations in Zagreb and Novi Sad. Društvena istraživanja. 15(4-5), 867-890. [In Croatian]
Korunić, P. (2005). Nation and National Identity. Revija za sociologiju, 36 (1-2), 87-105. Available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/13687 [In Croatian]
Lazić, M. & Pešić, J. (2015). Effects of Modernization on Components of National Identity in Contemporary European States. Sociologija, 57(3), 357-379. [In Serbian]
McLaren, L. M. (2004). Opposition to European Integration and Fear of Loss of National Identity: Debunking a Basic Assumption Regarding Hostility to the Integration Project. European Journal of Political Research, 43, 895-911.
Mansfeldová, Z., & Špicarová Stašková, B. (2009). Identity Formation of Elites in Old and New Member States (with a Special Focus on the Czech Elite). Europe-Asia Studies, 61(6), 1021-1040. https://doi:10.1080/09668130903063575
Milosavljević, B. & Putnik, N. (2020). Strategy for Building the National Identity of Montenegro. Nacionalni interes, (3)/2021, 129-157. https://doi.org/10.22182/ni.3932020.6 [In Serbian]
Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic Identity in Adolescents and Adults: Review of Research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499-514. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
Pavlović, V. & Jovanović, M. (2013). University of Niš Students’ Attitudes towards the Relation between Language and National Identity. Teme, 37(2), 701-717. [In Serbian]
Perić Romić, R. (2020). The Role of Education in Preserving National Identity. In: Petrović, J. S., Miltojević, V. D., Bujwid-Kurek E. J., Milošević Šošo, B. Č. (eds.) Culture and Identities (pp. 110-118). Beograd: Srpsko sociološko društvo, Institut za političke studije. Available at https://www.ssd.org.rs/images/Proceedings_CultureAndIdentities_2020%20%281%29.pdf
Radenović S. (2006). National Identity, Ethnicity, (Critical) Memory Culture. Filozofija i društvo, 31(3), 221-237. [In Serbian]
Ranđelović, D. & Kostić, P., (2011). Correlates of the National Identity of Serbs in Kosovo and Metohija. In: Krstić, М. (ed.) Identity and Identity Crisis (pp. 220-236). Kosovska Mitrovica: Filozofski fakultet. [In Serbian]
Ranđelović, D., & Minić, Ј. (2011). National Identity and Attitudes of Serbs from the North of Kosovo and Metohija to Respect for Human Rights. In: Maliković, D., Šuvaković, U., Stevanović, O. (eds.) Political Violence (299-318). Kosovska Mitrovica: Filozofski fakultet Univerziteta u Prištini. Available at: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_74DvX014Rw-SymzUhRTgNCJhUYIYDx2/view [In Serbian]
Ranđelović, D. J., Minić, J. L., & Ranđelović, K. Ž. (2021). National Identity of Secondary School Students in the Republic of Serbia. Sociološki pregled, 55(3), 1018-1054. DOI: 10.5937/socpreg55-32338
Rot, N. & Havelka, N. (1973). National Attachment and Values in High School Youth. Beograd: Institut za psihologiju. [In Serbian]
Sakač, M. D., Štrangari, S. Z. & Marković, S. S. (2017). Searching for the Sense of National Identity in the Globalization Context: Example of Students in Croatia. Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini, 47(2), 263-281. [In Serbian]
Scheve, C. V., Kozłowska, M., Ismer, S., & Beyer, M. (2014). National Identification: a Multidimensional Scale Based on a Three-Country Study. (Berliner Studien zur Soziologie Europas / Berlin Studies on the Sociology of Europe (BSSE), 29). Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, FB Politik-und Sozialwissenschaften, Institut für Soziologie Arbeitsbereich Makrosoziologie. Available at: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-403088
Smith, A. D. (1998). National Identity. Beograd-Zemun: Biblioteka XX vek [In Serbian]
Sniderman, P. M., & Hagendoorn, L. (2007). When Ways of Life Collide: Multiculturalism and its Discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton University Press.
Štrangarić, S. (2014). Relation between Religion and Nation – Example of Students in Vojvodina. Religija i tolerancija, 12(21), 109-124. [In Serbian]
Štrangarić, S. (2017). National Identity and Ethnocentrism in the Context of Gender Roles among Students of Faculty of Education in Sombor. Norma, 22(2), 155-168. [In Serbian]
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In: S. Worchel, & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall publishers.
Trifunović, V. (2012). Cultural Identity and Pro-European Values: the Reasons for a Dialogue School as a Factor of Development of the National and Cultural Identity and Pro-European values. In: V. Trifunović (ed.) School as a Factor of Development of the National and Cultural Identity and Pro-European Values: Education between Tradition and Modernity (19-30). Jagodina: Pedagoški fakultet u Jagodini. [In Serbian]
Van der Zwet, A. (2016). To See Ourselves as Others See Us: Identity and Attitudes towards Immigration amongst Civic Nationalists, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(8), 1242-1256.Available at: https://doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1082284
Windari, T. (2021). National Identity Attachment and Its Variables. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 22(3), 81-95. Available at: https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol22/iss3/9