Gender perspective on the global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration

  • Ivana R. Nikolić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law, Belgrade (Serbia)
Keywords: Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, migration, gender, gender responsiveness, gender analysis

Abstract


This paper is dedicated to the gender analysis of the Global Compact on safe, orderly and regular migration since 2018. In the past 30 years, research within migration has also included an analysis of gender and gender inequalities. The inclusion of gender and the principles of gender responsibility in the Compact indicates the determination of the states to include the experiences of women and men in their legal systems. The paper raises questions such as whether gender is integrated into the Compact and, if so, in what way, and what positive and negative effects it will have on the migration of women. The lack of gender analysis through all the principles and goals of the Compact indicates outdated understanding of gender. Such perspectives do not create a fundamental change at the state level. This paper will point out the current as well as future impacts of the Compact on women and men in the process of global mobility. The work of the International Migration Network and the reports of the countries on the implementation will be taken into account, with an additional element of the current Coronavirus pandemic and its impact on the implementation.

References

Almhana, M., Grant K., Jimenez M., Mastelica K., (2020). Xenophobic Populism in Europe and the Threat It Poses to the Rules-based International Order, in: 2020, Strengthening the Rules-Based International Order, 2020 Global Trends Report, An Anthology of Briefing Notes by Graduate Fellows at the Balsillie School of International Affairs (29–33), Canada: Balsillie School of International Affairs.
Becker Ј., (2020). Refugees, migration and global governance: negotiating the global compacts, Journal of Borderlands Studies, Vol. 35 (5), 833–834, doi: 10.1080/08865655.2020.1723127
Carrera, S., Lannoo, К., Stefan, M., Vosyliūtė L., (2018). Some EU governments leaving the UN Global Compact on Migration: A contradiction in terms?, CEPS Policy Insight, Brussels: CEPS , Vol. 15, Available at: https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/PI2018_15_SCKLMSVL_UN%20Global%20Compact_0.pdf
CESSMIR
, (2020). Belgium and the Global Compact for Migration: Taking stock after two years, Input for the First Regional Review of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration in the UNECE Region, Belgium, Ghent University.
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, (1951). United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 189, (28 July 1951).
Daly, M., (2005). Gender mainstreaming in theory and practice, Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, Vol. 12(3), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN Women., (2019). Border Management and Gender, Gender and Security Toolkit. Geneva: DCAF, OSCE/ODIHR, UN Women, Available at: https://www.seesac.org/f/docs/Gender-and-Security/Border-Management-and-Gender.pdf
Dick
, E., Schraven, B., (2018). A “door opener for mass immigration”? What the global compact for migration, really. Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE). Available at: https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/German_Development_Institute_Schraven_Dick_23.07.2018.pdf [Accessed 24 August 2021]
France Diplomacy, Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration. Available at: https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/united-nations/news-andevents/global-compact-for-safe-orderly-and-regular-migration/article/global-compact-for-safe-orderly-and-regular-migration [Accessed 22 August 2021]
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, (2018). A/RES/73/195, Bogdan Кrasić, translation. (2019). Beograd: Beogradski centar za ljudska prava, Available at: http://azil.rs/azil_novi/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Globalni-kompakt1.pdf [In Serbian]
Gottardo, C. & Cyment, P. (2019) The Global Compact for Migration: what could it mean for women and gender relations?, Gender and Development, Vol. 27(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2019.1570725
Guild
, E., Basaran, T., Allinson, K., (2019). From Zero to Hero? An analysis of the human rights protections within the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM), International Migration, Vol. 57(6), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12609
Hennebry
, J., Williams K., Walton-Roberts M., (2016). Women Working Worldwide: A Situational Analysis of Women Migrant Workers, UN Women Research paper, UN Women. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2017/women-working-worldwide.pdf?la=en&vs=5704.
Hennebry
, J. L. & Petrozziello, A. J., (2019). Closing the Gap? Gender and the Global Compacts for Migration and Refugees, International Migration, Vol. 57(6), 115-138. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12640.
Hermansson
, L., et al., (2020). Firewalls: A necessary tool to enable social rights for undocumented migrants in social work, International Social Work (first on line). doi:10.1177/0020872820924454.
ILO (2020). Protecting the rights at work of refugees and other forcibly displaced persons during the COVID-19 pandemic, Recommendations for Policy-makers and Constituents, Policy Brief. Geneva: International Labour Organisation
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Тheir Families, (1990), A/RES/45/158. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3980.html
Inter-Parliamentary
Union, The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, (2017). A guide to international refugee protection and building state asylum systems, Handbook for Parliamentarians, No. 27. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5a9d57554.html
IOM
(2004). International Migration Law: Glossary on Migration. Geneva: International organisation for Migration.
IOM (2020). World Migration Report 2020. Geneva: International Organisation for Migration, Available at: https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/wmr_2020.pdf.
IOM
UN Migration (2017). Irregular migration and regular pathways, including decent work, labour mobility, recognition of skills and qualifications and other relevant measures, Issue Brief No. 6, Available at: https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/ts6_issues_brief_0.pdf
Majcher
, I., (2019). Immigration Detention under the Global Compacts in the Light of Refugee and Human Rights Law Standards, International Migration, 57(6), 91-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12641.
Migration
Data Portal, (2021). Human trafficking data, Available at: https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/human-traffickings [Accessed 28 August 2021]
New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants (2016), 3 October 2016, A/RES/71/1, Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/57ceb74a4.html
Oelgemöller
, C., & Allinson, K., (2020). The Responsible Migrant, Reading the Global Compact on Migration, Law Critique, Vol. 31(2), 183–207, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10978-020-09265-9
Pécoud
, A., (2021). Narrating an ideal migration world? An analysis of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, Third World Quarterly, vol. 42(1), 16–33. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2020.1768065.
Petrozziello, A. J., (2019). Bringing the border to baby: birth registration as bordering practice for migrant women‘s children, Gender & Development, Vol. 27(1), 31–47. doi: 10.1080/13552074.2019.1570724.
PRB (2006, December, 02). Feminization of migration, Available at: https://www.prb.org/resources/feminization-of-migration/
Recommendation
No. 204 concerning the transition from the informal to the formal economy (2015). Geneva: International Labour Organisation. Available at: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R204
Refugee
Law Initiative (2018, October, 15). GCM Commentary: Objective 15: Provide access to basic services for migrants. Available at: https://rli.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2018/10/15/gcm-commentary-objective-15-provide-access-to-basic-services-for-migrants/ [Accessed 26 July 2021]
Roby, C. (2019, January, 14). Can the Global Compact for Migration make a difference?, Devex. Available at: https://www.devex.com/news/can-the-global-compact-for-migration-make-a-difference-94065 [Accessed 21 August 2021]
Thorsen, D. (2018, June, 14). Is the Global Compact for Migration truly doing justice to gender? Open Democracy. Available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/is-global-compact-for-migration-truly-doing-justice-to-gender/ [Accessed 22 August 2021]
UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (2008). General recommendation No. 26 on women migrant workers, CEDAW/C/2009/WP.1/R. Available at: https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/GR_26_on_women_migrant_workers_en.pdf
UN
Migration Network (2020, November 02). Serbia - GCM Voluntary National Report (Regional Review: Europe and North America). Available at: https://migrationnetwork.un.org/sites/default/files/docs/serbia.pdf
UN
Migration Network (2020, October, 30). Violation of the rights of migrant children in countries-members of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Available at: https://migrationnetwork.un.org/sites/default/files/docs/violation_of_the_rights_of_migrant_children_in_countries-members_of_commonwealth_of_independent_states_cis.pdf,
UN
Network on Migration (2020, October 15). Implementing the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM): Guidance for governments and all relevant stakeholders. Available at: https://migrationnetwork.un.org/sites/default/files/docs/gcm_implementation_guide_finalized_revised_15_october.pdf
UN
Network on Migration (2021). Network Workplan: 2021–2022 Priorities. Available at: https://migrationnetwork.un.org/sites/default/files/docs/network_-_workplan_2021-2022_final.pdf.
UN
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, GMG (2017). Principles and Guidelines, supported by practical guidance, on the human rights protection of migrants in vulnerable situations. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Migration/PrinciplesAndGuidelines.pdf
UN
Treaty Collection (2021, July, 03). Status of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Тheir Families. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4 [Accessed 23 August 2021].
UN Women Expert Working Group (2021). Policies and Practices: A guide to gender- responsive implementation of the global compact for migration. New York: UN Women. Available at: https://ppguide.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/PP%20Guide_A4_Web_designed_FINAL.pdf.
UN
Women Expert Working Group (2018a). A gender-responsive approach to promoting and protecting the rights of children and families at all stages of migration, GMC Gender Guidance Note Series, Issue 3. Available at: https://www.empowerwomen.org/en/resources/documents/2018/07/genderresponsive-approach-to-promoting--protecting-the-rights-of-children--families-in-migration?lang=en.
UN
Women Expert Working Group (2018b). In brief: policies and practice: a guide for gender-responsive implementation of the global compact for migration. New York: UN Women. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2018/guide-for-gender-responsive-implementation-of-the-global-compact-for-migration-en.pdf?la=en&vs=5533
UN
Women (2016). Guide on Mainstreaming migration into development planning from a gender perspective. New York: UN Women. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2016/10/un%20women%20guide%20on%20mainstreaming%207-27-16.pdf?la=en&vs=2548.
UN
Women (2017). Recommendations for addressing women‘s human rights in the global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration. New York: UN Women. Available at: https://www.unwomen.org/-/media/headquarters/attachments/sections/library/publications/2017/addressing-womens-human-rights-migration-en.pdf?la=en&vs=4301
UN
(2018, December 19). General Assembly Endorses First-Ever Global Compact on Migration, Urging Cooperation among Member States in Protecting Migrants, Meeting Coverage. Available at: https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ga12113.doc.htm [Accessed 20 August 2021].
UNFPA, IOM (2006). Female Migrants: Bridging the gaps through the life cycle, Selected papers of the UNFPA-IOM Expert Group Meeting, New York.
UNGA (2016). In safety and dignity: addressing large movements of refugees and migrants, 21 April 2016, A/70/59. Available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5732e34e4.html
United
States Mission to the United Nations (2018, December, 7). National Statement of the United States of America on the Adoption of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration. Available at: https://usun.usmission.gov/national-statementof-the-united-states-of-america-on-the-adoption-of-the-global-compact-for-safeorderly-and-regular-migration/ [Accessed 28 July 2021].
UNODC (2020). Global report on trafficking in persons. New York. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/tip/2021/GLOTiP_2020_15jan_web.pdf
UNSDG
(2020). COVID-19 and People on the Move, Policy Brief. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/sg_policy_brief_on_people_on_the_move.pdf

Published
2022/01/15
Section
Original scientific paper