Personal Data Protection in Russia and the Risks of Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence Technologies: New Challenges to Psychological Security
Abstract
The paper focuses on the relationship between personal data protection and technologies of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of threats to the psychological security of society on the case study of the Russian Federation. The research identifies existing and prospective risks of malicious use of AI involving personal data to affect the psyche of people. The paper examines the possibilities of a comprehensive response to new threats of psychological security. The research methodology is based on the systemic approach, dialectical method and comparative analysis of the national and international components of the research problem.
References
Adamov, D. (2022, October 20). “Agency”: They tried to create using deepfake technology a Russian billionaire, who allegedly bought the cement company Holcim. RTVI. Available at: https://rtvi.com/news/agentstvo-rossijskogo-milliardera-yakoby-kupiv-shego-czementnuyu-kompaniyu-holcim-pytalis-sozdat-s-pomoshhyu-tehnologii-dip-fejk/?ysclid=ldbo99k8e8657309437 [In Russian]
Aiken, M. (2017). The Cyber Effect: An Expert in Cyberpsychology Explains How Technology Is Shaping Our Children, Our Behavior, and Our Values — and What We Can Do About It.. New York: Random House.
Alvarez, R., Hall T., Hyde S. (eds.) (2009). Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation.. Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press.
Armistead, L. (2010). Information Operations Matters.. Best Practices.. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.
Bazarkina, D., Pashentsev, E. (2019). Artificial Intelligence and New Threats to International Psychological Security. Russia in global affairs, (1), 147–170. https://doi.org//10.31278/1810-6374-2019-17-1-147-170
/>Bazarkina, D., Pashentsev, E., Simons, G. (eds.) (2020). Terrorism and Advanced Technologies in Psychological Warfare: New Risks, New Opportunities to Counter the Terrorist Threat.. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Brundage, M., Avin, S., Clark, J., Toner, H., Eckersley, P., Garfinkel, B., Dafoe, A., Scharre, P., Zeitzoff, T., Filar, B., Anderson, H., Roff, H., Allen, G., Steinhardt, J., Flynn, C., Ó HÉigeartaigh, S., Beard, S., Belfield, H., Farquhar, S., Lyle, C., Crootof, R., Evans, O., Page, M., Bryson, J., Yampolskiy, R., Amodei, D. (2018). The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation. Oxford: Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford.
Brusnitsyn, N. (2001). Information Warfare and Security. Moscow: Vita. [In Russian]
Caldwell, M., Andrews, J., Tanay, T., Griffin, L. (2020). AI-enabled future crime. Crime Science, (9), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-020-00123-8
/>Datatilsynet. (2018). Artificial intelligence and privacy Report. Datatilsynet. https://www. datatilsynet.no/
Deptrans Moskvy. (2022, December 20). Starting from January 2023, we will start con-necting 330 more turnstiles to the biometric payment system — it will become even more convenient to use public transport. Deptrans Moskvy.. Available at: https://t.me/DtRoad/22191 [In Russian]
Dulneva, M., Milukova, Ya. (2021, September 6). “Hugged everyone!”: the image of Oleg Tinkov was used in deepfake advertising. Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.ru/milliardery/439255-vseh-obnal-obraz-olega-tin-kova-ispol-zovali-v-dipfejk-reklame [In Russian]
Edison Research. (2022). The Smart Audio Report. NPM. Available at: https://www.na-tionalpublicmedia.com/insights/reports/smart-audio-report/
/>Executive Order on the development of AI in Russia №490. (2019, October 10). Kremlin. Available at: http://static.kremlin.ru/media/events/files/ru/AH4x6HgKWANwVtMOfPDhcbRpvd1HCCsv.pdf [In Russian]
Federal Law “On Personal Data” № 152- FZ. (2006, July 27). Kremlin. Available at: http:// www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/24154 [In Russian]
Glazkov, B., Mitkin, A., Semibratov, N., Krasovskiy, P., Naumtseva, E., Skvirskaya, O., Karev, I. (2023). Monitoring of global digitalization trends 2022. Moscow: Rostelecom. Available at: rostelekom_monitoring_2022_rasterize (rt.ru) [In Russian]
Global Times. (2022, November 2). From commercial satellites to social media, Western tech companies are deeply involved in the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Teller Report. Available at: https://www.tellerreport.com/news/2022-11-02-from-commercial-sat-ellites-to-social-media--western-tech-companies-are-deeply-involved-in-the-russia-ukraine-conflict.HJSuXB1Bo.html
/>Grudin, R. (2006). American Vulgar: The Politics of Manipulation Versus the Culture of Awareness.. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard.
Hammond, P. (2008). Media, war and postmodernity. London: Routledge.
Higdon, N., Huff, M., Nader, R. (2019). United States of Distraction: Media Manipulation in Post-Truth America (And What We Can Do About It). San Francisco, CA: City Lights Publishers.
Ilyina, N. (2021, September 1). Cheating by correspondence: vulnerabilities in bank chat-bots allow money theft. Izvestiya. Available at: https://iz.ru/1214668/natalia-ilina/obman-po-perepiske-uiazvimosti-v-bankovskikh-chat-botakh-pozvoliaiut-krast-dengi [In Russian]
Jacobs, R., Shapiro, R. (2002). Politicians Don’t Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kefeli, I., Yusupov, R. (eds.) (2017). Psychological and Cognitive Security. Saint Petersburg: Petropolis. [In Russian]
King, S., Roth, R. (2006). Broken Trust: Greed, Mismanagement & Political Manipulation at America’s Largest Charitable Trust.. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Koleganov, S., Kuvshinov, D., Pigina, S., Fedotov, A., Shedrov, I. (2021). “Safe city” in the world regions: comparative analysis with the Russian concept.. Civil Security Technologies, vol. 3 (69), 56-60. https://doi.org/10.54234/CST.19968493.2021.18.3.69.11.55 [In Russian]
Kuteynikov, D., Izhaev, O., Zenin, S., Lebedev, V. (2019). The nature and legal features of cyber-physical, cyber- biological and artificial cognitive systems.. Rossijskoe pravo: obrazovanie, praktika, nauka, vol. 3 (111), 75-81. https://doi.org//10.34076/2410-2709-2019-3-75-81 [In Russian]
Lepskij, V., Rajkov, A. (2022). Socio -humanitarian aspects of digital transformations and artificial intelligence. Moscow: Kogito-Tsentr. [In Russian]
Lukackij, A. (2020). Cybersecurity of digital transformation. In: S. Kirushin, E. Borisov, V. Opredelenov (eds.) Tutorial 4CDTO.. About digital transformation and digitaliza-tion..3..0.. Moscow: 4CIO.. [In Russian]
Martin, A. (2022, June 1). US military hackers conducting offensive operations in support of Ukraine, says head of Cyber Command. Sky News. Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/us-military-hackers-conducting-offensive-operations-in-support-of-ukraine-says-head-of-cyber-command-12625139
/>Microsoft. (2022, November 2). Defending Ukraine: Early Lessons from the Cyber War. Microsoft Corporation. Available at: https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RE50KOK
/>Mihalevich, E. (2022). Malicious use of artificial intelligence was discussed at UNESCO Conference in Khanty-Mansiysk. RIAC. Available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/ana-lytics-and-comments/columns/cybercolumn/zlonamerennoe-ispolzovanie-iskusst-vennogo-intellekta-obsudili-na-konferentsii-yunesko-v-khanty-mansi/ [In Russian]
NtechLab. N.d. Video analytics for FIFA 2018. NtechLab. Available at: https://ntechlab.ru/success-stories/fifa/ [In Russian]
Ozkaya, E. (2018). Learn Social Engineering: Learn the art of human hacking with an internationally renowned expert.. Birmingham: Packt Publishing.
Panda Mediacenter. (2021, August 10). Deepfake Fraud: Security Threats Behind Artificial Faces. Panda Mediacenter. Available at: https://www.pandasecurity.com/en/media-center/technology/deepfake-fraud/
/>Pashentsev, E. (2020). AI and Terrorist Threats: The New Dimension for Strategic Psychological Warfare. In: Bazarkina D., Pashentsev E. and Simons G. (eds.) Terrorism and Advanced Technologies in Psychological Warfare: New Risks, New Opportunities to Counter the Terrorist Threat.. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
Pashentsev, E. (2021). Experts on the Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence and Challenges to International Psychological Security.. Edition of the International Center for Social and Political Studies and Consulting.. Moscow: LLC “SAM Polygraphist”. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356781944_Experts_on_the_Malicious_Use_of_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Challenges_to_International_Psychological_ Security_Report_by_Evgeny_Pashentsev_Center_for_Social_and_Political_Studies_ and_Consulting_Decemb
Pashentsev, E., Bazarkina, D. (2020). Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence New Psychological Security Risks in BRICS Countries. Russia in global affairs, (4), 154–177. Available at: https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/154-177.pdf?ysclid=lb-dw0ab3nv36962900
/>Program “Digital economy of Russia” № 1632-р. (2017, July 28). The Russian Government. Available at: http://static.government.ru/media/files/9gFM4FHj4PsB79I5v7yLVuP-gu4bvR7M0.pdf [In Russian]
Sber AI. (2021). Digital Petr. Sber AI.. Available at: https://sber.ru/digital-petr/ [In Russian]
Semenihina, A. (Producer), Salimianov, V. (Director). (2022). PMZHejson. Russia: Agenda Media Group. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEHt2e1RSug&list=PL-WTwWADrHvpkgv3cKyjomdfhESt5711OZ&index=1 [In Russian]
Simons, G. (2016). Mass media and modern warfare. London: Routledge.
Singer, P., Brooking, E. (2019). LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media. Mariner Books, Boston, MA
Statista Research Department. (2021). Report “Voice assistants home usage in Russia 2021”. Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1258819/voice-assis-tants-home-usage-russia/
/>Stupp, C. (2019). Fraudsters Used AI to Mimic CEO’s Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case. The Wall Street Journal. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/fraudsters-use-ai-to-mimic-ceos-voice-in-unusual-cybercrime-case-11567157402
/>Tortoise. (2022). Report “The global AI Index”. Tortoise. Available at: https://www.tortoise-media.com/intelligence/global-ai/#
/>The Presidential Decree “About the Strategy of Scientific and Technical Development in Russia” №642. The Russian Government. (2016, December 1). Available at: http://government.ru/docs/all/109256/ [In Russian].
The Russian Government. (2023, January 23). The Government signed the final package of cooperation agreements on the development of high-tech areas. The Russian Government.. Available at: http://government.ru/news/47551/
/>Uskov, M., Balashova, A. (2021, November 11). The authorities announced an attack on “Gosuslugi” after reports of an anti-vaxxer bot. RBC. Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/technology_and_media/11/11/2021/618d42109a7947252fe7d448 [In Russian]
VCIOM. (2022, December 28). Report “Artificial Intelligence: threat or better tomorrow?” VCIOM.. Available at: https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/iskusstvennyi-intellekt-ugroza-ili-svetloe-budushchee?ysclid=lct0f6jfee970504040 [In Russian]
Veldkamp, D. (2022). Cyber Awareness 2022: Consider Deepfakes, NFTs, and More. InfoSystems.. Available at: https://infosystems.biz/cybersecurity/cyber-awareness-2022-consider-deepfakes-nfts-and-more/.
/>Welch, M. (2011). Irregular pen and limited sword: PSYWAR, PSYOP, and MISO in counter-insurgency.. U.S. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Army Command and General Staff College.
Wodzicki, M., Majewski, M., MacRae, M. (2020). Digital Banking Maturity 2020. Deloitte. Digital. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ce/Documents/financial-services/ce-digital-banking-maturity-2020.pdf
/>Woolley, S., Howard, P. (2018). Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media.. New York: Oxford University Press.