BIOMEHANIČKE KARAKTERISTIKE MIŠIĆNO-TETIVNE JEDINICE I NJIHOVA PRIMENA U TRENINGU
Sažetak
Veliki broj istraživanja o kretanju čoveka bavi se proučavanjem funkcionisanja složenih bioloških sistema. Ti sistemi mogu biti posmatrani kroz izdvojene funkcionalne jedinice u vidu mišićno-tetivne jedinice ili pojedinačnog mišićnog vlakna, kroz pojedinačni ekstremitet ili zglob, i na kraju kroz ceo lokomotorni sistem u vidu kinetičkog lanca. Mišićno-tetivna jedinica može generisati silu na dva različita načina: kao elastična opruga tokom pokreta istezanja i potom pokreta skraćenja, i kroz pretvaranje metaboličke energije u mehanički rad. Dalje, u toku pokreta mišićno-tetivna jedinica može pokazati krutost ili popustljivost. Razumetanje tih stanja tokom kretanja može obezbediti važne informacije prilikom planiranja poboljšanja sportskih performansi i prevencije povreda.
Ključne reči: energija istezanja, krutost, popustljivost.
Reference
Alexander, R.M. (1992). A model of bipedal locomotion on compliant legs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B338, 189-198.
Arampatzis, A., Karamanidis, K., Morey-Klapsing, G., De Monte, G., & Stafilidis, S. (2007). Mechanical properties of the triceps surae tendon and aponeurosis in relation tointensity of sport activity. Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 1946-1952.
Arampatzis, A., Bruggemann, G., & Klapsing, G.M. (2001a). Leg stiffness and mechanical energetic processes during jumping on a sprung surface. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 923-931.
Arampatzis, A., Schade, F., Walsh, M., & Bruggemann, G.P. (2001b). Influence of leg stiffness and its effect on myodynamic jumping performance. Journal of Electromyografy and Kinesiology, 11, 355-364.
Arampatzis, A., Bruggemann, G., & Metzler, V. (1999). The effect of speed on leg stiffness and joint kinetics in human running. Journal of Biomechanics, 32, 1349-1353.
Baechle, T.R., Earle, R.W., & Wathen, D. (2008). Resistance training. In Baechle, T.R. and Earle, R.W. (eds.). Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (pp. 395-425). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Biewener, A. A., Corning, W. R., & Tobalske, B.W. (1998). In vivo pectoralis muscle force-length behavior during level flight in pigeons (Columba livia). Journal of Experimental Biology, 201, 3293-3307.
Birch, H. L. (2007). Tendon matrix composition and turnover in relation to functional requirements. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 88, 241-248.
Bijker, K. E., De Groot, G., & Hollander, A. P. (2002). Differences in leg muscle activity during running and cycling humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 87(6), 556-561.
Bobbert, M. F., & Casius, L. J. (2005). Is the countermovement on jump height due to active state development? Medicine and Science in Sport Exercise, 37, 440–446.
Bojsen-Moller, J., Magnnusson, S.P., Rasmussen, L.R., Kjaer, M., & Aagaard, P.(2005). Muscle performance during maximal isometric and dynamic contractions is influenced by the stiffness of tendinous structures. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99, 986–994.
Bosco, C., Thihanyi, J., Komi, P., Fekete, G., & Apor, P. (1982). Store and recoil of elastic energy in slow and fast types of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 116, 343-349.
Butler, R.J., Crowell, H.P., & Davis, I.M. (2003). Lower extremity stiffness: Implications for performance and injury. Clinical Biomechanics, 18, 511–517.
Cornwell, A., Nelson, A. G., & Sidaway, B. (2002). Acute effects of stretching stretching on neuromechanical properties of the triceps surae muscle complex. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 86, 428-434.
Dalleau, G., Belli, A., Bourdin, M., & Lacour, J.R. (1998). The spring-mass model and the energy-cost of treadmill running. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 77, 257-263.
Derrick, T.R., Cladwell, G.E., & Hamill, J. (2000). Modeling the stiffness characteristics of the human body while running with various stride lengths. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 16, 36–51.
Dutto, D.J., & Smith, G.A., (2002). Changes in spring–mass characteristics during treadmill running to exhaustion. Medicine and Science in Sports, 34, 1324–1331.
Ettema, G.J., Huijing, P.A., & De Hann, A. (1992). The potentiating effect of pre-stretch on contractile performance of rat gastrocnemius medialis muscle during subsequent shortening and isometric contractions. Journal of Experimental Biology, 165, 121– 136.
Ettema, G.J.C. (2001). Muscle efficiency: the controversial role of elasticity and mechanical energy conversion in stretch-shortening cycles. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 457-465.
Farley, C.T., & Morgenroth, D.E. (1999). Leg stiffness primarily depends on ankle stiffness during human hopping. Journal of Biomechanics, 32, 267-273.
Ferris, D., Louie, M., & Farley, C.T. (1998). Running in the real world: Adjusting leg stiffness for different surfaces. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 265, 898-994.
Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (2004). Designing Resistance Training Programs. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, pp. 231–237.
Finni, T., Komi, P.V., & Lepola, V. (2000). In vivo human triceps surae and femoris muscle function in a squat and counter movement jump. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 83, 416-426.
Finni, T., Ikegawa, S., Lepola, V., & Komi, P. (2001). In vivo behaviour of vastus lateralis muscle during dynamic performances. European Journal of Sport Science, 1, 1–13.
Finni, T., Komi, P.V., & Lepola, V. (2001). In vivo muscle mechanics during locomotion depend on movement amplitude and contraction intensity. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85, 170-176.
Flanagan, E.P., & Comyns, T.M. (2008). The use of contact time and the reactive strength index to optimise fast stretch-shortening cycle training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 30, 33-38.
Fukunaga, T., Kurokawa, S., Fukashiro, S. et al. (1996). Muscle fiber behavior during drop jump in human. Journal of Applied Physiology, 80, 158-165.
Granata, K.P., Padua, D.A., & Wilson, S.E. (2001). Gender differences in active musculoskeletal stiffness. Part II. Quantification of leg stiffness during functional hopping tasks. Journal of Electromyografy and Kinesiology, 12, 127–135.
Grimston, S. K., Engsberg, J.R., Kloiber, R., & Hanley, D.A. (1991). Bone Mass, External Loads, and Stress Fracture in Female Runners. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 7(3), 293–302.
Harris, G. R., Stone, M.H., O’Bryant, H.S., Proulx, C.M., & Johnson, R.L. (2000). Short-term performance effects of high power, high force, or combined weight-training methods. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14, 14-20.
He, J., Kram, R., & McMahon, T. (1991). Mechanics of running under simulated low gravity. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71, 863-870.
Hill, A.V. (1938). The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London series b, 126, 136-195.
Hobara, H., Kimura, K., Omuro, K., Gomi, K., Muraoka, T., Iso, S., & Kanosue, K. (2008). Determinants of difference in leg stiffness between endurance- and power-trained athletes. Journal of Biomechanics, 41, 506-514.
Horita, T., Komi, P. V., Nicol, C., & Kyrolainen, H. (2002). Interaction between pre-landing activities and stiffness regulation of the knee joint musculoskeletal systems in the drop jump: Implications to performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 76-84.
Hortobagyi, T., & DeVita, P. (2000). Muscle pre and coactivity during downward stepping are associated with leg stiffness in aging. Journal of Electromyografy and Kinesiology, 10, 117-126.
Jeffreys, I. (2007). Total Soccer Fitness. Monterey, California: Coaches choice, pp. 137.
Johnson, B. A., Salzberg, C.L., & Stevenson, D. A. (2011). A Systematic Review: Plyometric Training Programs for Young Children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 9(25), 2623-2633.
Komi, P. V. (2003). Stretch-shortening cycle. In Strength and Power in Sport (2nd ed). (pp. 184–202). Komi PV, ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blakwell Science.
Kubo, K., Yata, H., Kanehisa, H., & Fukunaga, T. (2006). Effects of isometric squat training on the tendon stiffness and jump performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 96, 305-314.
Krpić, D. (2005). Fizička mehanika. (treće izdanje ed.). Beograd: Fizički fakultet.
Kubo, K., Kawakami, Y., & Fukunaga, T. (1999). Influence of elastic properties of tendon structures on jump performance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87, 2090-2096.
Kubo, K., Kanehisa, H., & Fukunaga, T. (2001). Effects of different duration isometric contractions on tendon elasticity in human quadriceps muscle. Journal of Physiology, 536, 649-655.
Kubo, K., Kanehisa, H., Kawakami, Y. et al. (2000). Elasticity of tendon structure of the lower limbs in sprinters. Acta Physiologica Scandinavia, 168, 327-335.
Kubo, K., Morimoto, M., Komuro, T., Yata, H., Tsunoda, N., Kanehisa, H., & Fukunga, T. (2007). Effects of plyometric and weight training on muscle-tendon complex and jump performance. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 39, 1801-1810.
Kuitunen, S., Komi, P. V., & Kyrolainen, H. (2002). Knee and ankle joint stiffness in sprint running. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, 34, 166-173.
Labeit, D., Watanabe, K., Witt, C., Fujita, H., Wu, Y., Lahmers, S., Funck, T., Labeit, S., & Granzier, H. (2003). Calcium-dependent molecular spring elements in the giant protein titin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of America, 100, 13716-13721.
Latash, M. L., & Zatsiorsky, V.M. (1993). Joint stiffness: Myth or reality? Human Movement Science, 12, 653-692.
Lee, E. J., Joumaa, V., & Herzog, W. (2007). New insights into passive force enhancement in skeletal muscles. Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 719-727.
Lichtwark, G. A., & Wilson, A. M. (2007). Is Achilles tendon compliance optimised for maximum muscle efficiency during locomotion? Journal of Biomechanics, 40, 1768-1775.
Lichtwark, G. A., & Wilson, A. M. (2005). In vivo mechanical properties of the human Achilles tendon during one-legged hoping. Journal of Experimental Biology, 208, 4715-4725.
Lopes, P. B., Pereira, G., Lodovico, A., Bento, P.C., & Rodacki, A. L. (2016). Strength and Power Training Effects on Lower Limb Force, Functional Capacity, and Static and Dynamic Balance in Older Female Adults. Rejuvenation Research, 19(5), 385-393.
Maganaris, C. N., & Paul, J. P. (1999). In vivo human tendon mechanica properties. Journal of Physiology, 521(1), 307-13.
Maganaris, C. N., & Paul, J. P. (2000). In vivo human tendinous tissue stretch upon maximal muscle force generation. Journal of Biomechanics, 33, 1454-1459.
Marković, G., & Jarić, S. (2007). Positive and negative loading and mechanical output in maximum vertical jumping. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise Science, 39, 1757-1764.
McBride, J. M., McCaulley, G.O., & Cormie, P. (2008). Influence of preactivity and eccentric muscle activity on concentric performance during vertical jumping. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, 750-757.
McCaulley, G. O., Cormie, P., Cavill, M. J., Nuzzo, J. L., Urbiztondo, Z. G., & McBride, J. M. (2007). Mechanical efficiency during repetitive vertical jumping. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 101, 115-123.
McMahon, T. A., & Cheng, G. C. (1990). The mechanics of running: How does stiffness couple with speed? Journal of Biomechanics, 23, 65-78.
Međedović, B., & Romanov, R. (2017). Nove tendencije u dizajniranju trenažnog procesa mladih. Tims.Acta, 11, 65-73.
Međedović, B. (2018). Dinapenija – pojam, uzroci i posledice. Tims.Acta, 12, 123-131.
Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Brent, J. L., & Hewett, T.E. (2006). The effects of plyometric vs. Dynamic stabilization and balance training on power, balance, and landing force in female athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20, 345–353.
Newton, R. U. & Dugan, E. (2002). Application of strength diagnosis. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 24, 50-59.
Radciffe, F. (1998). High – powered plyometrics. Human Kinetics. USA.
Roetert, E. P., Ellenbecker, T. S., & Reid, M. (2009). Biomechanics of the Tennis Serve: Implications for Strength Training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 31(4), 35-40.
Rimmer, E., & Sleivert, G. (2000). Effects of a plyometrics intervention program on sprint performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 14, 295-301.
Seyfarth, A., Geyer, H., Gunther, M., & Blickhan, R. A. (2002). A movement criterion for running. Journal of Biomechanics, 35, 649–655.
Siff, M.C. (2003). Supertraining. Denver, CO: Supertraining Institute, pp. 40-47.
Spurrs, R. W., Murphy, A .J., & Watsford, M. L. (2003). The effect of plyometric training on distance running performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 89, 1–7.
Verkhoshansky, Y.V. (1996). Quickness and velocity in sports movements. New Studies of Athletics, 11, 29-37.
Voigt, M., Bojsen-Moller, F., Simonsen, E. B., & Dyhre-Poulsen, P. (1995). The influence of tendon youngs modulus, dimensions and instantaneous moment arms on the efficiency of human movement. Journal of Biomechanics, 28, 281-291.
Williams, D. S., McClay Davis, I., Scholz, J. P., Hamill J., & Buchanan, T. S. (2003). Lower extremity stiffness in runners with different foot types. Gait and Posture, 18(6), 511-517.
Williams, D. S., McClay, I. S., & Hamill, J. (2001). Arch structure and injury patterns in runners. Clinical Biomechanics, 16, 341-347.
Wilson, G. J., Murphy, A. J., & Pryor, J. F. (1994). Musculotendinous stiffness: Its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 76, 2714-2719.
Wilson, J. M., & Flanagan, E. P. (2008). The role of elastic energy in activities with high force and power requirements: A brief review. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22, 1705-1715.
Zatsiorsky, V. M. & Kraemer, W. J. (2006). Science and Practice of Strength Training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, pp. 33–39.
- Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
- Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
- Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).