STATUS POREMEĆAJA PRODUŽENE OŽALOŠĆENOSTI U MEĐUNARODNOJ KLASIFIKACIJI BOLESTI (MKB-11)
Sažetak
Ožalošćenost posle gubitka značajne osobe je univerzalno iskustvo. Međutim, kod malog, ali značajnog dela ožalošćenih, taj proces može da traje duže od kulturalno očekivanog perioda i može biti povezan sa intenzivnim distresom, disfunkcionalnošću, kao i povišenim mortalitetom i morbiditetom. Ožalošćenost je dugo u naučnoj literaturi posmatrana kao adaptivna reakcija na gubitak, ali kod nekih i kao faktor povezan sa, najčešće, velikom depresivnom epizodom, generalizovanim anksioznim poremećajem i post-traumatskim stresnim poremećajem. U prošlim verzijama dijagnostičkih sistema, DSM-IV i MKB-10, fenomen produžene ožalošćenosti je smešten u katogorije koje podrazumevaju dalja istraživanja, odnosno stanja koja zahtevaju negu, ali predlagana je i preporuka da se u tom slučaju ne uspostavlja dijagnoza velike depresivne epizode, upravo zbog normativne prirode reakcije na gubitak. U novoj iteraciji Međunarodne Klasifikacije Bolesti – 11 (MKB-11), ovo stanje se klasifikuje kao poremećaj produžene ožalošćenosti. Racionalu za ovu promenu predstavljaju istraživanja koja ukazuju na to da je ovaj poremećaj fenomenološki različit od sličnih stanja, podrazumeva specifične faktore rizika i posledice, kao i različita tretmanska rešenja. Ovaj rad će se fokusirati na same kriterijume u prostoru MKB-11, istraživanja koja govore u prilog validnosti dijagnoze, implikacije, kao i na širi okvir konceptualne i kliničke korisnosti ovog poremećaja.
Reference
American Psychological Association. APA (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV, Washington, DC: Author
American Psychological Association. APA (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-5: Washington, DC: Author
Bellet, B. W., Jones, P. J., Neimeyer, R. A., & McNally, R. J. (2018). Bereavement outcomes as causal systems: a network analysis of the co-occurrence of complicated grief and posttraumatic growth. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(6), 797–809.
Boelen, P. A., & van den Bout, J. (2005). Complicated grief, depression, and anxiety as distinct post loss syndromes: A confirmatory factor analysis study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(11), 2175–2177.
Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., Djelantik, A. M. J., & Smid, G. E. (2016). Prolonged grief and depression after unnatural loss: Latent class analyses and cognitive correlates. Psychiatry Research, 240, 358–363.
Boelen, P. A., van den Hout, M. A., & van den Bout, J. (2008). The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among bereaved individuals: A confirmatory factor analysis study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8), 1377–1383.
Borsboom, D. (2017). A network theory of mental disorders. World psychiatry, 16(1), 5–13.
Borsboom, D., Cramer, A. O., & Kalis, A. (2019). Brain disorders? Not really: Why network structures block reductionism in psychopathology research. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 42.
Boyd, R. (1999). Homeostasis, species, and higher taxa. Species: New interdisciplinary essays, 141, 185.
Bryant, R. A. (2012). Grief as a psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 201(1), 9–10.
Cacciatore, J., Lacasse, J. R., Lietz, C. A., & McPherson, J. (2014). A parent's tears: primary results from the traumatic experiences and resiliency study. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 68(3), 183–205.
Clayton, P. J. (1990). Bereavement and depression. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 51(Suppl), 34–40.
Cozza, S. J., Fisher, J. E., Mauro, C., Zhou, J., Ortiz, C. D., Skritskaya, N., Wall, M., Fullerton, C., Ursano, R., & Shear, M. K. (2016). Performance of DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder criteria in a community sample of bereaved military family members. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(9), 919–929.
Engel, G. L. (1978). The biopsychosocial model and the education of health professionals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 310(1), 169–181.
Evans, S. C., Reed, G. M., Roberts, M. C., Esparza, P., Watts, A. D., Correia, J. M., Ritchie, P., Maj, M., & Saxena, S. (2013). Psychologists' perspectives on the diagnostic classification of mental disorders: results from the WHO‐IUPsyS Global Survey. International Journal of Psychology, 48(3), 177–193.
Hays, J. C., & Hendrix, C. C. (2008). The role of religion in bereavement. In M. S. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (p. 327–348). American Psychological Association
Held, B. S. (2017). The distinction between psychological kinds and natural kinds revisited: can updated natural-kind theory help clinical psychological science and beyond meet psychology's philosophical challenges? Review of General Psychology, 21(1), 82–94.
Horowitz, M. J., Siegel, B., Holen, A., Bonanno, G. A., Milbrath, C., & Stinson, C. H. (2003). Diagnostic criteria for complicated grief disorder. Focus, 1(3), 290–298.
Horwitz, A. V., & Wakefield, J. C. (2007). The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder. Oxford University Press.
Howell, A. J., Weikum, B. A., & Dyck, H. L. (2011). Psychological essentialism and its association with stigmatization. Personality and individual differences, 50(1), 95–100.
Hyman, S. E. (2007). Can neuroscience be integrated into the DSM-V? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(9), 725–732.
Keeley, J. W., Reed, G. M., Roberts, M. C., Evans, S. C., Medina-Mora, M. E., Robles, R., ... & Andrews, H. F. (2016). Developing a science of clinical utility in diagnostic classification systems: Field study strategies for ICD-11 mental and behavioral disorders. American Psychologist, 71(1), 3.
Kendler, K. S., Zachar, P., & Craver, C. (2011). Mental disorders as mechanistic property clusters reply. Psychological medicine, 41(7), 1566–1566.
Kersting, A., Brähler, E., Glaesmer, H., & Wagner, B. (2011). Prevalence of complicated grief in a representative population-based sample. Journal of affective disorders, 131(1-3), 339–343.
Killikelly, C., & Maercker, A. (2017). Prolonged grief disorder for ICD-11: The primacy of clinical utility and international applicability. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 8(sup6), 1476441.
Kristensen, P., Weisæth, L., & Heir, T. (2012). Bereavement and mental health after sudden and violent losses: A review. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 75(1), 76–97.
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Marino, L. (1995). Mental disorder as a Roschian concept: A critique of Wakefield's" harmful dysfunction" analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(3), 411–420
Lundorff, M., Holmgren, H., Zachariae, R., Farver-Vestergaard, I., & O’Connor, M. (2017). Prevalence of prolonged grief disorder in adult bereavement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 212, 138–149.
Maciejewski, P. K., Maercker, A., Boelen, P. A., & Prigerson, H. G. (2016). “Prolonged grief disorder” and “persistent complex bereavement disorder”, but not “complicated grief”, are one and the same diagnostic entity: an analysis of data from the Yale Bereavement Study. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 266–275.
Maercker, A., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Cloitre, M., Reed, G. M., van Ommeren, M., ... & Rousseau, C. (2013). Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the International Classification of Diseases-11. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1683–1685.
Maj, M. (2012). Bereavement-related depression in the DSM-5 and ICD-11. World Psychiatry, 11(1), 1.
Mauro, C., Shear, M. K., Reynolds, C. F., Simon, N. M., Zisook, S., Skritskaya, N., ... & Ghesquiere, A. (2017). Performance characteristics and clinical utility of diagnostic criteria proposals in bereaved treatment-seeking patients. Psychological Medicine, 47(4), 608–615.
McAndrew, F. T., Akande, A., Turner, S., & Sharma, Y. (1998). A cross-cultural ranking of stressful life events in Germany, India, South Africa, and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(6), 717–727.
McDonald, J. E. (1985). The crisis of neonatal bereavement: A model for prediction of outcome. Dissertation Abstracts International, 45.
Monroe, S. M., & Simons, A. D. (1991). Diathesis-stress theories in the context of life stress research: implications for the depressive disorders. Psychological bulletin, 110(3), 406.
O'Connor, M. F., Wellisch, D. K., Stanton, A. L., Eisenberger, N. I., Irwin, M. R., & Lieberman, M. D. (2008). Craving love? Enduring grief activates brain's reward center. Neuroimage, 42(2), 969–972.
Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2013). Bereavement: Studies of grief in adult life. Routledge.
Pies, R. W. (2009). Depression and the pitfalls of causality: implications for DSM-V. Journal of Affective Disorders, 116(1), 1–3.
Pearl, J. (2009). Causality. Cambridge university press.
Prigerson, H. G., Horowitz, M. J., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., Aslan, M., Goodkin, K., ... & Bonanno, G. (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. PLoS Med, 6(8), e1000121.
Prigerson, H. G., Maciejewski, P. K., Reynolds III, C. F., Bierhals, A. J., Newsom, J. T., Fasiczka, A., ... & Miller, M. (1995). Inventory of Complicated Grief: a scale to measure maladaptive symptoms of loss. Psychiatry research, 59(1-2), 65–79.
Robinaugh, D. J., LeBlanc, N. J., Vuletich, H. A., & McNally, R. J. (2014). Network analysis of persistent complex bereavement disorder in conjugally bereaved adults. Journal of abnormal psychology, 123(3), 510.
Rubin, S. S., Malkinson, R., Witztum, E., Stroebe, M. S., Hansson, R. O., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2008). Clinical aspects of a DSM complicated grief diagnosis: Challenges, dilemmas, and opportunities. In M. Stroebe, R. Hansson, H. Schut, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention (pp. 187–206).
Shear K., Monk T., Houck P., Melhem N., Frank E., Reynolds C., & Sillowash R. (2007). An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(8), 453–461
Shear, M. K. (2015). Complicated grief. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(2), 153–160.
Shear, M. K., Simon, N., Wall, M., Zisook, S., Neimeyer, R., Duan, N., ... & Gorscak, B. (2011). Complicated grief and related bereavement issues for DSM‐5. Depression and anxiety, 28(2), 103–117.
Schmittmann, V. D., Cramer, A. O., Waldorp, L. J., Epskamp, S., Kievit, R. A., & Borsboom, D. (2013). Deconstructing the construct: A network perspective on psychological phenomena. New ideas in psychology, 31(1), 43–53.
Silverman, G. K., Johnson, J. G., & Prigerson, H. G. (2001). Preliminary explorations of the effects of prior trauma and loss on risk for psychiatric disorders in recently widowed people. The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 38(3/4), 202.
Stroebe M., Van Son M., Stroebe W., Kleber R., Schut H., & van den Bout J. (2000). On the classification and diagnosis of pathological grief. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(1), 57–75.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Health outcomes of bereavement. The Lancet, 370(9603), 1960–1973.
van Doorn, C., Kasl, S. V., Beery, L. C., Jacobs, S. C., & Prigerson, H. G. (1998). The influence of marital quality and attachment styles on traumatic grief and depressive symptoms. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 186(9), 566–573.
Vanderwerker, L. C., Jacobs, S. C., Parkes, C. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2006). An exploration of associations between separation anxiety in childhood and complicated grief in later life. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 194(2), 121–123.
Wakefield, J. C. (1992)a. Disorder as harmful dysfunction: a conceptual critique of DSM-III-R's definition of mental disorder. Psychological review, 99(2), 232.
Wakefield, J. C. (1992b). The concept of mental disorder: on the boundary between biological facts and social values. American Psychologist, 47(3), 373.
World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research (Vol. 2). World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2004). ICD-10: international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems: tenth revision, 2nd ed. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42980
Xiu, D., Maercker, A., Yang, Y., & Jia, X. (2017). Prolonged grief, autobiographical memory, and its interaction with value orientations in China and Switzerland. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(9), 1369–1388.
Zachar, P. (2014). A metaphysics of psychopathology. MIT Press.
Zachar, P. (2015). Psychiatric disorders: natural kinds made by the world or practical kinds made by us?. World Psychiatry, 14(3), 288.
Zisook, S., & Shear, K. (2009). Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know. World Psychiatry, 8(2), 67–74.
Zisook, S., Shear, K., & Kendler, K. S. (2007). Validity of the bereavement exclusion criterion for the diagnosis of major depressive episode. World Psychiatry, 6(2), 102.
Zisook, S., & Kendler, K. S. (2007). Is bereavement-related depression different than non-bereavement-related depression. Psychological Medicine, 37, 779–794.
- Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
- Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
- Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).