ODNOS IZMEĐU SHIZOTIPALNIH OSOBINA LIČNOSTI, STILOVA AFEKTIVNE VEZANOSTI I RANIH ŠTETNIH ISKUSTAVA
Sažetak
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita postoje li statistički značajne razlike u izraženosti tri dimenzije shizotipije (kognitivno-perceptivna, interpersonalna i dezorganizovanost) u zavisnosti od dominantnog stila afektivne vezanosti i izloženosti različitim štetnim iskustvima tokom detinjstva. U istraživanju je učestvovao 181 ispitanik, prosečne starosti 20.09 godina (SD = 2.19). Za merenje shizotipije primenjen je Skraćeni revidirani upitnik za procenu shizotipalne ličnosti SPQ-BR (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire – Brief Revised), a za procenu stila afektivne vezanosti i štetnih iskustava tokom detinjstva, konstruisani su posebni upitnici za potrebe ovog istraživanja. MANOVA je pokazala da osobe sa preokupiranim stilom vezanosti imaju najizraženije interpersonalne i dezorganizovane karakteristike shizotipije, dok osobe sa bojažljivim stilom imaju najizraženiju interpersonalnu dimenziju. Između sigurnog i izbegavajućeg stila nema značajnih razlika ni na jednoj od dimenzija shizotipije. Rana štetna iskustva koja su se pokazala relevantnim za ispoljavanje kognitivno-perceptivnih simptoma su: česte svađe, negativan uticaj na samopoštovanje u porodici i često maltretiranje izvan porodice. Za interpersonalne indikatore, kao relevantna iskustva pokazala su se: neprihvaćenost u vršnjačkoj grupi, teško fizičko kažnjavanje u porodici, negativan uticaj na samopoštovanje, učestalo maltretiranje izvan porodice. Za ispoljavanje dezorganizovanosti, značajnim se pokazalo: uzdržano ili agresivno ponašanje majke, agresivno i kažnjavajuće ponašanje oca, neprihvaćenost u vršnjačkoj grupi, teško fizičko kažnjavanje u porodici, negativan uticaj na samopoštovanje, maltretiranje izvan porodice. Rezultati su demonstrirali da preokupirano i bojažljivo vezane ispitanike odlikuju najizraženije shizotipalne manifestacije, kao i da se različite dimenzije shizotipije mogu povezati sa specifičnim ranim štetnim iskustvima, što bi moglo objasniti veliku heterogenost u shizotipalnim simptomatskim ispoljavanjima.
Reference
Allen, J. P., Moore, C., Kuperminc, G., & Bell, K. (1998). Attachment and adolescent psychosocial functioning. Child Development, 69(5), 1406–1419.
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7(2), 147-178. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407590072001
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
Bentall, R. P., Claridge, G. S., & Slade, P. D. (1989). The multidimensional nature of schizotypal traits: A factor analytic study with normal subjects. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(4), 363–375. DOI:10.1111/j.2044- 8260.1989.tb00840.x
Berry, K., Wearden, A., Barrowclough, C., & Liversidge, T. (2006). Attachment styles, interpersonal relationships and psychotic phenomena in a non-clinical student sample. Personality and Individual Differences 41(4), 707–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.009
Berry, K., Band, R., Corcoran, R., Barrowclough, C., & Wearden, A. (2007). Attachment styles, earlier interpersonal relationships and schizotypy in a non-clinical sample. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 80(4), 563-576. doi: 10.1348/147608307X188368
Berry, K., Varese, F., & Bucci, S. (2017). Cognitive attachment model of voices: Evidence base and future implications. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8, 111. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00111
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1982.tb01456.x
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Cohen, J., Miles, J., & Shevlin, M. (2001). Applying regression and correlation: A guide for students and researchers. Sage.
Cohen, A. S., Matthews, R. A., Najolia, G. M., & Brown, L. A. (2010). Toward a more psychometrically sound brief measure of schizotypal traits: Introducing the SPQ Brief Revised. Journal of Personality Disorders 24(4), 516–537. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.516
DeShon, R. P. (2004). Measures are not invariant across groups without error variance homogeneity. Psychology Science, 46(1), 137-149. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.456.7135&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Dozier, M., & Bates, B. C. (2004). Attachment state of mind and the treatment relationship. In L. Atkinson & S. Goldberg (Eds.), Attachment issues in psychopathology and intervention (pp. 167–180). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Ettinger, U., Mohr, C., Gooding, D. C., Cohen, A. S., Rapp, A., Haenschel, C., & Park, S., (2015). Cognition and brain function in schizotypy: A selective review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(Suppl. 2), 417–426. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu190
Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D. & Bebbington, P. E. (2001). A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 31(2), 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003312
Gibson, L. E., Alloy, L. B., & Ellman, L. M. (2016). Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003.
Irwin, H. J. (2001). The relationship between dissociative tendencies and schizotypy: An artifact of childhood trauma? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 331-342. doi: 10.1002/jclp.1015. PMID: 11241363.
Janssen, I., Krabbendam, L., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Vollebergh, W., de Graaf, R. & van Os, J. (2004). Childhood abuse as a risk factor for psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 109(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0001-690x.2003.00217.x
Kobak, R. R., & Sceery, A. (1988). Attachment in late adolescence: Working models, affect regulation, and representations of self and others. Child Development, 59(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130395
Korver-Nieberg, N., Berry, K., Meijer, C. J., & de Haan, L., (2014). Adult attachment and psychotic phenomenology in clinical and non-clinical samples: A systematic review. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 87(2), 127–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12010
Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Schizotypy: Looking back and moving forward. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(Suppl. 2), 366-373. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu186
Lenzenweger, M. F., & Dworkin, R. H. (1996). The dimensions of schizophrenia phenomenology. Not one or two, at least three, perhaps four. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(4), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.168.4.432
Liddle, P. F. (1987). The symptoms of chronic schizophrenia: A re-examination of the positive-negative dichotomy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 145- 151. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.2.145
Loewy, R. L., Corey, S., Amirfathi, F., Dabit, S., Fulford, D., Pearson, R., Hua, J., Schlosser, D., Stuart, B. K., Mathalon, D. H., & Vinogradov, S. (2019). Childhood trauma and clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia research, 205, 10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.003
Mason, O., Claridge, G., & Jackson, M. (1995). New scales for the assessment of schizotypy. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)00132-C
Meins, E., Jones, S. R., Fernyhough, C., Hurndall, S., & Koronis, P. (2008). Attachment dimensions and schizotypy in a non-clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(4), 1000-1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.026
Nelson, M. T., Seal, M. L., Pantelis, C., & Phillips, L. J. (2013). Evidence of a dimensional relationship between schizotypy and schizophrenia: A systematic review. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(3), 317- 327. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.004
Parker, G., Fairley, M., Greenwood, J., Jurd, S., & Silove, D. (1982). Parental representations of schizophrenics and their association with onset and course of schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 573–581. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.141.6.573
Pedović, I. (2011). Afektivna vezanost i socijalna samoefikasnost. Godišnjak za psihologiju, 7(9), 261-280.
Ponizovsky, A. M., Nechamkin, Y., & Rosca, P. (2007). Attachment patterns are associated with symptomatology and course of schizophrenia in male inpatients. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(2), 324–331. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.2.324
Raine, A. (1991). The SPQ: A scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM-III-R criteria. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17(4), 555-564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/17.4.555
Raine, A., Mellingen, K., Liu, J., Venables, P., & Mednick, S. A. (2003). Effects of environmental enrichment at ages 3-5 years on schizotypal personality and antisocial behavior at ages 17 and 23 years. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(9), 1627–1635.
Raine, A. (2006). Schizotypal personality: Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial trajectories. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 291-326. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095318
Read, J., van Os, J., Morrison, A. P., & Ross, C. A. (2005). Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: A literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(5), 330–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00634.x
Shearman, N., Millings, A., Carroll, D., & Rowe, A. (2019). A preliminary exploration of the links between attachment disorganisation and schizotypy dimensions in adulthood. Schizophrenia Research, 208, 493-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.004.
Sheinbaum, T., Bedoya, E., Ros-Morente, A., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes-Vidal. N. (2013). Association between attachment prototypes and schizotypy dimensions in two independent non-clinical samples of Spanish and American young adults. Psychiatry Research, 210(2), 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.020
Sheinbaum, T., Racioppi, A., Thomas R. Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2020). Attachment as a mechanism between childhood maltreatment and subclinical psychotic phenomena: Results from an eight-year follow-up study. Schizophrenia Research, 220, 261-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.023
Shevlin, M., Murphy, J., Read, J., Mallett, J., Adamson, G., & Houston, J. E. (2011). Childhood adversity and hallucinations: A community-based study using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(12), 1203–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0296-x
Spauwen, J., Krabbendam, L., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. U. & van Os, J. (2006). Impact of psychological trauma on the development of psychotic symptoms: relationship with psychosis proneness. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 527–533.
Stanton, K. J., Denietolis, B., Goodwin, B. J., & Dvir, Y. (2020). Childhood trauma and psychosis: An updated review. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2019.08.004
Stefanović-Stanojević, T. (2005). Emocionalni razvoj ličnosti. Prosveta.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson.
Tiliopoulos, N., & Goodall, K. (2009). The neglected link between adult attachment and schizotypal personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(4), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.03.017
Varese, F., Barkus, E., & Bentall, R. P. (2011). Dissociative and metacognitive factors in hallucination-proneness when controlling for comorbid symptoms. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 16(3), 193–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2010.495244
Varese, F., Barkus, E., & Bentall, R. P. (2012). Dissociation mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and hallucination-proneness. Psychological Medicine, 42(5), 1025–1036. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001826
Velikonja, T., Fisher, H. L., Mason, O., & Johnson, S. (2015). Childhood trauma and schizotypy: A systematic literature review. Psychological medicine, 45(5), 947–963. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714002086
Wilson, J. S., & Costanzo, P. R. (1996). A preliminary study of attachment, attention, and schizotypy in early adulthood. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15(2), 231–260. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1996.15.2.231
- Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
- Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
- Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).