Nitric oxide as prediction factor of gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients

Predrag  Janošević; Ivana Stojanović; Mirjana Janošević; Gordana Filipović; Maja Stošić

doi:10.2298/VSP160410005J

Predrag Janošević University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic Niš, Niš, Serbia
Ivana Stojanović University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Niš, Serbia
Mirjana Janošević University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Niš, Serbia
Gordana Filipović University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Niš, Serbia
Maja Stošić University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, Niš, Serbia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP160410005J

Keywords: orthodontics, corrective;, nitric oxide;, inflammation;, gingival crevicular fluid;, saliva.

Abstract

Background/Aim. Nowadays therapy with fixed orthodontic appliances is widely spread, having in mind positive effects it has in malocclusion treatments The side effect is increased gingivial inflammation in treated patients. The aims of this research are to estimate the inflammatory condition of gingiva in the first 6 months of orthodontic therapy on the basis of clinical parameters of sulcus bleeding index, plaque index, gingival crevicular fluid and salivary nitric oxide concentration, and to investigate role of nitric oxide as predicting factor of gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients. Methods. In this study, 30 patients of the Dental Clinic treated with fixed orthodontic appliances (11 males and 19 females), aged 15-22 years, were examined. Clinical parameters were evaluated and gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were collected, before the beginning of orthodontics therapy, and then, three and six months after it. Results. The approximate values of clinical parameters, gingival crevicular fluid and salivary nitric oxide concentration progressively increased. Low statistical significance of correlations among gingival crevicular fluid and salivary nitric oxide concentration and the measured clinical parameters were found. There is a statistically significant correlation between gingival crevicular fluid and salivary nitric oxide concentration. Conclusion. According to the obtained results, we can conclude that gingival crevicular fluid and saliva are reliable mediums for monitoring of the gingival inflammatory condition. More studies are needed to investigate a potential role of nitric oxide as predicting factor of gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients.

References

REFERENCES

Ireland AJ, Mcdonald F. The orthodontic patient: treatment and biomechanics. London: Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 129‒30.

Thornberg MJ, Riolo CS, Bayirli B, Riolo ML, Van Tubergen EA, Kulbersh R. Periodontal pathogen levels in adolescents before, during, and after fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009; 135(1): 95‒8.

Alexander SA. Effects of orthodontic attachments on the gin-gival health of permanent second molars. Am J Orthod Den-tofacial Orthop 1991; 100(4): 337‒40.

Matić S, Ivanović M, Nikolić P. Evaluation of a prevention pro-gramme efficiency for patients with fixed orthodontic appli-ances. Vojnosanit Pregl 2011; 68(3): 214‒9.

Corbacho de Melo MM, Cardoso MG, Faber J, Sobral A. Risk fac-tors for periodontal changes in adult patients with banded second molars during orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 2012; 82(2): 224‒8.

Rego RO, Oliveira CA, Santos-Pinto A, Jordan SF, Zambon JJ, Ci-relli JA, et al. Clinical and microbiological studies of children and adolescents receiving orthodontic treatment. Am J Dent 2010; 23(6): 317‒23.

Page RC. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogen-esis of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 1991; 26(3 Pt 2): 230‒42.

Dumitrescu AL. Etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal dis-ease. Heidelberg: Springer. 2010.

Zia A, Khan S, Bey A, Gupta ND, Mukhtar-Un-Nisar S. Oral biomarkers in the diagnosis and progression of periodontal diseases. Biol Med 2011; 3(2): 45‒52.

Cimasoni G. Crevicular fluid updated. Monographs in oral sci-ence. Basel: S Karger Pub; 1983.

Armitage GC. Analysis of gingival crevice fluid and risk of progression of periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 2004; 34: 109‒19.

Grenier G, Gagnon G, Grenier D. Detection of herpetic viruses in gingival crevicular fluid of patients suffering from perio-dontal diseases: Prevalence and effect of treatment. Oral Mi-crobiol Immunol 2009; 24(6): 506‒9.

Khosravi R, Tran SD, Lambert M, Loughlin JO, Kâ K, Feine JS, et al. Adiposity and gingival crevicular fluid tumour necrosis fac-tor-alpha levels in children. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36(4): 301‒7.

Lamster IB, Novak MJ. Host mediators in gingival crevicular fluid: Implications for the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1992; 3(1‒2): 31‒60.

Matejka M, Partyka L, Ulm C, Solar P, Sinzinger H. Nitric oxide synthesis is increased in periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 1998; 33(8): 517‒8.

Menaka KB, Ramesh A, Thomas B. A multifaceted molecule, ni-tric oxide: Its possible role in periodontitis. J Oral Health Res 2011; 2(4): 112‒7.

Skaleric U, Gaspirc B, McCartney-Francis N, Masera A, Wahl SM. Proinflammatory and antimicrobial nitric oxide in gingi-val fluid of diabetic patients with periodontal disease. Infect Immun 2006; 74(12): 7010‒3.

Wolf HE, Hassell TM. Indices. In: Wolf HE, Hassell TM, edi-tors. Color atlas of dental hygiene. Periodontology. Stuttgart, New York: Thieme; 2006. p. 67‒76.

Navarro-Gonzálvez JA, García-Benayas C, Arenas J. Semiauto-mated measurement of nitrate in biological fluids. Clin Chem 1998; 44(3): 679‒81.

Gong X, Chen W, Gong Y, Zhou L. Clinical analysis of PLI, GI and SBI in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Shang-hai Kou Qiang Yi Xue 2006; 15(4): 367‒9.

Shirazi M, Nilforoushan D, Alghasi H, Dehpour A. The role of nitric oxide in orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Angle Or-thod 2002; 72(3): 211‒5.

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Mo-lecular biology of the cell. 4th ed. New York: Garland Sci-ence; 2002. p. 838-39 1304–7.

Nathan C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. Faseb J 1992; 6(12): 3051‒64.

Vandevska-Radunovic V, Kvinnsland S, Kvinnsland IH. Effect of experimental tooth movement on nerve fibres immunoreac-tive to calcitonin gene-related peptide, protein gene product 9.5, and blood vessel density and distribution in rats. Eur J Orthod 1997; 19(5): 517‒29.

D'Attillio M, di Maio F, D'Arcangela C, Filippi MR, Felaco M, Lohinai Z, et al. Gingival endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels during orthodontic treatment: A cross-sectional study. Angle Orthod 2004; 74(6): 851‒8.

Mancini L, Becherini L, Benvenuti S, Brandi ML. Bioeffects of a nitric oxide donor in a human preosteoclastic cell line. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1997; 17(2‒3): 93‒6.

Mentaverri R, Kamel S, Wattel A, Prouillet C, Sevenet N, Petit JP, et al. Regulation of bone resorption and osteoclast survival by nitric oxide: Possible involvement of NMDA-receptor. J Cell Biochem 2003; 88(6): 1145‒56.

Brudvik P, Rygh P. Non-clast cells start orthodontic root re-sorption in the periphery of hyalinized zones. Eur J Orthod 1993; 15(6): 467‒80.

Gaspirc B, Masera A, Skaleric U. Immunolocalization of induc-ible nitric oxide synthase in localized juvenile periodontitis pa-tients. Connect Tissue Res 2002; 43(2‒3): 413‒8.

Topcu AO, Akalin FA, Sahbazoglu KB, Yamalik N, Kilinc K, Ka-rabulut E, et al. Nitrite and nitrate levels of gingival crevicular fluid and saliva in subjects with gingivitis and chronic perio-dontitis. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2014; 5(2): e5.

Poorsattar Bejeh-Mir A, Parsian H, Akbari Khoram M, Ghasemi N, Bijani A, Khosravi-Samani M. Diagnostic Role of Salivary and GCF Nitrite, Nitrate and Nitric Oxide to Distinguish Healthy Periodontium from Gingivitis and Periodontitis. Int J Mol Cell Med 2014; 3(3): 138‒45.