Scoliosis, life style and low back pain in adolescents
Abstract
Background/Aim. Various internal and external factors could have an influence on the appearance of scoliosis and other postural disturbances in adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between scoliosis and other postural disturbances, physical activity, nutritional habits, as well as its association with comorbidities and age. Methods. This cross-sectional study involved 212 adolescents with the average age of 12.74 ± 1.34 years that were selected by a random selection of attended class of elementary school. A modified “The Physical Activity and Postural Disturbance Test” was used for the study. For statistical analysis Pearson's test of correlation and linear regression were used to estimate the association between scoliosis and postural disturbances, age, and physical activity, nutritional habits and comorbidities in adolescents. Results. It was shown that there was a statistically significant association between scoliosis and age (r = 0.228, p < 0.05), a significant negative correlation with lordosis (r = -0.207, p < 0.05) and a statistically significant positive correlation between scoliosis and flatfoot (r = 0.279, p < 0.01), metatarsus varus (r = 0, 2, p < 0.05) and low back pain (r = 0.304, p < 0.05). The results of linear regression with the scoliosis, as a dependent variable, and low back pain and other diseases as independent variables have shown that low back pain was significantly associated with scoliosis (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Scoliosis in adolescents is significantly associated with age and postural disturbances, especially with foot postural disturbances, as well as with low back pain.
References
Górecki A, Kiwerski J, Kowalski IM. Bad posture prevention in children and youth in education and upbringing–experts rec-ommendations. Pol Ann Med 2009; 16(1): 168−77.
Łabaziewicz L. Faulty postures. In: Marciniak W, Szulc A, edi-tors. Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation of Wiktor Dega. War-saw: PZWL; 2008. p. 63−7.
Taft E, Francis R. Evaluation and Management of Scoliosis. J Pediatr Health Care 2003; 17(1): 42−4.
Jandrić S. Low back pain and scoliosis in adolescents. Pain Practice 2016; 16(1 Suppl): 93.
Jandrić S. Idiopathic scoliosis. Med Pregl 2012; 65 (1−2): 35−40. (Serbian)
Sy N. Observation and Early Intervention in Mild Idiopathic Scoliosis via Corrective Exercises in Growing Children. Curr Pediatr Rev 2016; 12(1): 24−30.
Jandrić ĐS. Scoliosis, kyphosis and lordosis. Laktaši: Grafomark; 2012. (Serbian)
Rogala EJ, Drummond DS, Gurr J. Scoliosis: incidence and nat-ural history. A prospective epidemiological study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978; 60(2): 173−6.
Jandric S. Đ. Differences In Postural Disturbances Between Female Adolescents Handball Players And Non-Training Peers. Vojnosanit Pregl 2016; 73(4): 337−42.
Ulmar B, Gühring M, Schmälzle T, Weise K, Badke A, Brunner A. Inter- and intra-observer reliability of the Cobb angle in the measurement of vertebral, local and segmental kyphosis of traumatic lumbar spine fractures in the lateral X-ray. Arch Or-thop Trauma Surg 2010; 130(12): 1533−8.
Jordan KP, Kadam UT, Hayward R, Porcheret M, Young C, Croft P. Annual consultation prevalence of regional musculoskeletal problems in primary care: an observational study. BMC Mus-culoskelet Disord 2010; 11: 144.
Evans AM, Rome KA. Cochrane review of the evidence for non-surgical interventions for flexible pediatric flat feet. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med 2011; 47(1): 69−89.
Butland B, Jebb S, Kopelman P, McPherson K, Thomas S, Mardell J, et al. Tackling obesities: future choices-project report. Lon-don, UK: Department of Innovation, Universities and Skills; 2007.
Hasler CC. Back pain during growth. Swiss Med Wkly 2013; 143: w13714.
Wedderkopp N, Leboeuf-Yde C, Andersen LB, Froberg K, Hansen HS. Back pain reporting pattern in a Danish population-based sample of children and adolescents. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001; 26(17): 1879−83.
Balagué F, Nordin M, Skovron ML, Dutoit G, Yee A, Waldburger M. Non-specific low-back pain among schoolchildren: a field survey with analysis of some associated factors. J Spinal Dis-ord 1994; 7(5): 374−9.
Department of Health. At least five a week. Evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. A re-port from the Chief Medical Officer. London: HMSO; 2004.
Riddoch CJ, Mattocks C, Deere K, Saunders J, Kirkby J, Tilling K, et al. Objective measurement of levels and patterns of physical activity. Arch Dis Child 2007; 92(11): 963−9.
Pate RR, Freedson PS, Sallis JF, Taylor WC, Sirard J, Trost SG, et al. Compliance with physical activity guidelines: prevalence in a population of children and youth. Ann Epidemiol 2002; 12(5): 303−8.
van Sluijs EM, Skidmore PM, Mwanza K, Jones AP, Callaghan AM, Ekelund U, et al. Physical activity and dietary behaviour in a population-based sample of British 10-year old children: the SPEEDY study (Sport, Physical activity and Eating be-haviour: environmental Determinants in Young people). BMC Public Health 2008; 8(1): 388.
Latalski M, Bylina J, Fatyga M, Repko M, Filipovic M, Jarosz MJ, et al. Risk factors of postural defects in children at school age. Ann Agric Environ Med 2013; 20(3): 583−7.
Sedrez JA, Da Rosa MI, Noll M, Medeiros FD, Candotti CT. Risk factors associated with structural postural changes in the spi-nal column of children and adolescents. Rev Paul Pedi-atr 2015; 33(1): 72−81.
Burton MS. Diagnosis and treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Pediatr Ann 2013; 42(11): 224–8.
Franić M, Kovač V. Anterior instrumentation for correction of adolescent thoracic idiopathic scoliosis: historic prospective study. Croat Med J 2006; 47(2): 239−45.
Sadeghi-Demneh E, Jafarian F, Melvin JM, Azadinia F, Shamsi F, Jafarpishe M. Flatfoot in school-age children: prevalence and associated factors. Foot Ankle Spec 2015; 8(3): 186−93.
Troussier B, Marchou-Lopez S, Pironneau S, Alais E, Grison J, Prel G, et al. Back pain and spinal alignment abnormalities in schoolchildren. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 1999; 66(7−9): 370–80.
Bueno Rde C, Rech RR. Postural deviations of students in Southern Brazil. Rev Paul Pediatr 2013; 31(2): 237−42. (English, Portuguese)
Kratenová J, Zejglicová K, Malý M, Filipová V. Prevalence and risk factors of poor posture in school children in the Czech Republic. J Sch Health 2007; 77(3): 131−7.
Sayler MH. The Encyclopedia of the Muscle and Skeletal Sys-tems and Disorders (Facts on File Library of Health & Liv-ing). 1st ed. New York: Facts on File, Inc; 2005.
Roaf R. The basic anatomy of scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1966; 48(4): 786–92.
Fok J, Adeeb S, Carey J. FEM Simulation of Non-Progressive Growth from Asymmetric Loading and Vicious Cycle Theory: Scoliosis Study Proof of Concept. Open Biomed Eng J 2010; 4: 162−9.
Bozkurt S, Kayalar G, Tezel N, Güler T, Kesikburun B, Denizli M, et al. Hypermobility Frequency in School Children: Rela-tionship With Idiopathic Scoliosis, Age, Sex and Musculoskel-etal Problems. Arch Rheumatol 2019; 34(3): 268−73.
Czaprowski D, Kotwicki T, Pawowska P, Stoliski L. Joint hyper-mobility in children with idiopathic scoliosis: SOSORT award 2011 winner. Scoliosis 2011; 6: 22.
Adib N, Davies K, Grahame R, Woo P, Murray KJ. Joint hyper-mobility syndrome in childhood. A not so benign multisystem disorder? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44(6): 744−50.
Puzovic V, Rotim K, Jurisic V, Samardzic M, Zivkovic B, Savic A, et al. The Prevalence of Spine Deformities and Flat Feet Among 10-12 Year Old Children Who Train Basketball–Cross-Sectional Study. Coll Antropol 2015; 39(3): 625−9.
Zaina F, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Minnella S, Negrini S. Swimming and spinal deformities: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr 2015; 166(1): 163−7.
Matusik E, Durmała J, Matusik P, Piotrowski J. Evaluation of nutritional status of children and adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a pilot study. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil 2012; 14(4): 351−62.
Tarrant RC, Nugent M, Nugent AP, Queally JM, Moore DP, Kiely PJ. Anthropometric characteristics, high prevalence of under-nutrition and weight loss: impact on outcomes in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis after spinal fusion. Eur Spine J 2015; 24(2): 281−9.
Altaf F, Gibson A, Dannawi Z, Noordeen H. Adolescent idio-pathic scoliosis. BMJ 2013; 346: f2508.
Ramirez N, Johnston CE, Browne RH. The prevalence of back pain in children who have idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79(3): 364−8.
Feldman DS, Straight JJ, Badra MI, Mohaideen A, Madan SS. Evaluation of an algorithmic approach to pediatric back pain. J Pediatr Orthop 2006; 26(3): 353−7.
Gennari JM, Themar-Noel C, Panuel M, Bensamoun B, Deslandre C, Linglart A, et al. Adolescent spinal pain: The pediatric or-thopedist's point of view. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2015; 101(6 Suppl): S247−50.
Minghelli B, Oliveira R, Nunes C. Non-specific low back pain in adolescents from the south of Portugal: prevalence and associ-ated factors. J Orthop Sci 2014; 19(6): 883−92.