Povezanost između konativnog funkcionisanja adolescenata izloženih interpartnerskom nasilju i porodičnih dimenzija kohezivnosti i adaptabilnosti
Sažetak
Apstrakt
Uvod/Cilj. Izloženost dece različitim oblicima emocionalnog, fizičkog i seksualnog zlostavljanja u porodicama sa partnersko porodičnim nasiljem (PPN) povezana je sa teškoćama u emocionalnom i socijalnom prilagođavanju, uključujući i probleme ponašanja, internalizovane i eksternalizovane simptome. Cilj istraživanja bio je da utvrdi povezanost PPN sa funkcionisanjem porodičnog sistema (kohezivnost i adaptabilnost), konativnim funkcionisanjem adolescenata i rizikom za razvoj psihopatološke simptomatologije. Specifični cilj studije bio je utvrđivanje mentalno-higijenskih i preventivnih mera radi smanjenja negativnih posledica odrastanja u porodicama sa nasiljem. Metode. Istraživanje je sprovedeno na uzorku od 308 adolescenata, uzrasta od 15–18 godina, podeljenih u IPV grupu (n = 68 adolescenata koji su odrastali u porodicama sa partnerskim nasiljem i izloženi partnerskom nasilju, koje je prijavljeno i procesuirano i kontrolnu grupu [n = 240 adolescenata iz porodica u kojima upitnikom Conners' Parent Rating Scale–Revised (CPRS-R) nije utvrđen bilo koji oblik nasilja ili psihosocijalne patologije]. Skala Faces III korišćena je za merenje dimenzija porodičnog funkcionisanja, a Kibernetički model konativnih dimenzija ličnosti (KON-6) za konativno funkcionisanje adolescenata. Podaci su obrađeni diskriminativnom i linearnom regresionom analizom. Rezultati. Adolescenti iz porodica sa partnerskim nasiljem imali su statistički značajne razlike (p < 0,01) u konativnom funkcionisanju: psihosomatskim β = -.509, anksioznim β = -.393, agresivnim (β -.398, disocijativnim β -.509 i adaptivnim reakcijama ličnosti β = -.455, u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Ukupno, 32,35% adolescenata iz porodica sa partnerskim nasiljem imalo je izražene patološke vrednosti u socijalno-adaptivnim reakcijama, 23,53% patološku anksioznost i 23,53% disocijativne reakcije. Najveća negativna povezanost dobijena je između porodičnog nasilja i porodične dimenzije kohezivnosti (β ‑ 0,605; p < 0,01). Zaključak. Izloženost adolescenata porodičnom nasilju značajno je povezana sa promenama konativnog funkcionisanja i rizikom od razvoja eksternalizovanih i internalizovanih simptoma u socijalno-adaptivnim, anksioznim i disocijativnim reakcijama i potrebom za uvođenje preventivnih mentalno-higijenskih mera. Medijator između porodičnog nasilja i konativnog funkcionisanja adolescenata je porodična kohezivnost.
Reference
REFERENCES
DeFife JA, Drill R, Nakash O, Westen D. Agreement between clinician and patient ratings of adaptive functioning and deve-lopmental history. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167(12): 1472–8.
Harris AN, Stoppelbein L, Greening L, Becker SP, Luebbe A, Fite P. Child Routines and Parental Adjustment as Correlates of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Children Diag-nosed with ADHD. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2014; 45(2): 243–53.
Burstein M, Stanger C, Dumenci L. Relations Between Parent Psychopathology, Family Functioning, and Adolescent Prob-lems In Substance-Abusing Families: Disaggregating the Ef-fects of Parent Gender. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2012; 43(4): 631–47.
Miranda JK, de la Osa N, Granero R, Ezpeleta L. Maternal expe-riences of childhood abuse and intimate partner violence: Psy-chopathology and functional impairment in clinical children and adolescents. Child Abuse Negl 2011; 35(9): 700–11.
Holmes MR. Aggressive behavior of children exposed to inti-mate partner violence: An examination of maternal mental health, maternal warmth and child maltreatment. Child Abuse Negl 2013; 37(8): 520–30.
Evans SE, Davies C, DiLillo D. Exposure to domestic vio-lence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression Viol Behav 2008; 13(2): 131–40.
Self-Brown RS. Effects of family violence and parental psycho-patology on the psychological outcome of urban adolescents exposed to comunity violence [thesis]. Pensacola, FL: Depart-ment of Psychology, University of West Florida; 2004.
Moylan CA, Herrenkohl TI, Sousa C, Tajima EA, Herrenkohl RC, Russo MJ. The Effects of Child Abuse and Exposure to Do-mestic Violence on Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems. J Fam Violence 2010; 25(1): 53–63.
Kugler BB, Bloom M, Kaercher LB, Truax TV, Storch EA. Somatic Symptoms in Traumatized Children and Adolescents. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2012; 43(5): 661–73.
Tschan T, Schmid M, In-Albon T. Parenting behavior in families of female adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury in compari-son to a clinical and a nonclinical control group. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2015; 9: 17.
Briggs-Gowan MJ, Pollak SD, Grasso D, Voss J, Mian ND, Zobel E, et al. Attention bias and anxiety in young children exposed to family violence. Child Psychol Psychiatry 2015; 56(11): 1194–201.
De Bellis MD. The intergenerational transmission of family vi-olence: the neurobiology of the relationship between child vic-timization, parental mental health and addiction. In: Widom CS, editor. Trauma, Psychopathology and Violence: Causes, Correlates or Consequences? New York: American Psychiatric Press, Inc, 2012. p, 79–108.
Telman MD, Overbeek MM, de Schipper JC, Lamers-Winkelman F, Finkenauer C, Schuengel C. Family Functioning and Children’s Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in a Referred Sample Exposed to Interparental Violence. J Fam Violence 2016; 31: 127–36
National strategy for preventing and containing violence against women in the family and intimate partner violence. Government of Serbia 2011. 027/ -20.04. (Serbian)
Conners CK, Sitarenios G, Parker JD, Epstein JN. The Revised Conners, Parent Rating Scale(CPRS-R): Factor Structure, Re-liability, and criterion Validity. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1998; 26(4): 257–68.
Olson D. Outcome Study of Alcoholic Families Polish FACES. 2014.
Momirović K, Wolf B, Đžamonja Z. KON-6. Cybernetic model of personality dimensions. Beograd: SDPS-Center for Practice Psychology; 2002. (Serbian)
Coulter S. Systemic family therapy for families who have expe-rienced trauma: A randomised controlled trial. Trial Br J Soc Work 2011; 41(3): 502–19.
Pearson MR, D'Lima GM, Kelley ML. Self-regulation as a buffer of the relationship between parental alcohol misuse and alcohol-related outcomes in first-year college students. Addict Behav 2011; 36(12): 1309–12.
Visser MM, Telman MD, de Schipper JC, Lamers-Winkelman F, Schuengel C, Finkenauer C. The effects of parental components in a trauma-focused cognitive behavioral based therapy for children exposed to interparental violence: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15: 131.
van Rooij FB, van der Schuur WA, Steketee M, Mak J, Pels T. In-terparental Violence: Similarities and Discrepancies Between Narratives of Mothers and Their Children. J Child Fam Stud 2015; 24(11): 3350–62.
Miranda JK, de la Osa N, Granero R, Ezpeleta L. Multiple Mediators of the Relationships Among Maternal Childhood Abuse, Intimate Partner Violence, and Offspring Psychopathology. J Interpersl Violence 2013; 28(14): 2941–65.
Alisic E, Krishna RN, Groot A, Frederick JW. Children's Mental Health and Well-Being After Parental Intimate Partner Homi-cide: A Systematic Review. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015; 18(4): 328–45.
Conners-Burrow N, McKelvey L, Kyzer A, Swindle T, Cheerla R, Kraleti S. Violence Exposure as a Predictor of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among Children of Substance Abusers. J Pediatr Nurs 2013; 28(4): 340–50.
de la Vega A, de la Osa N, Ezpeleta L, Granero R, Domènech JM. Differential effects of psychological maltreatment on children of mothers exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Abuse Negl 2011; 35(7): 524–31.
Kassis W, Artz S, Scambor C, Scambor E, Moldenhauer S. Finding the way out: A non-dichotomous understanding of violence and depression resilience of adolescents who are exposed to family violence. Child Abuse Negl 2013; 37(2–3): 181–99.
Levendosky AA, Lannert B, Yalch M. The Effects of Intimate Partner Violence on Women and Child Survivors: An Attach-ment Perspective. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2012; 40(3): 397–433.
Lecic-Tosevski D, Draganic-Gajic S, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Popovic-Deusic S, Christodoulou N, Botbol M. Child is father of the man: child abuse and development of future psychopathology. Psy-chiatriki 2014; 25(3): 185–91.
Ehrensaft MK, Cohen P. Contribution of Family Violence to the Intergenerational Transmission of Externalizing Behavior. Prev Sci 2012; 13(4): 370–83.
Callaghan JE, Alexander JH, Sixsmith J, Fellin LC. Children's experiences of domestic violence and abuse: Siblings' accounts of relational coping. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 21(4): 649–68.
Narayan AJ, Englund MM, Egeland B. Developmental timing and continuity of exposure to interparental violence and externalizing behavior as prospective predictors of dating violence. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 25(4 Pt 1): 973–90.
Martinez W, Polo AJ, Zelic KJ. Symptom Variation on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children: A Within-Scale Me-ta-Analytic Review. J Trauma Stress 2014; 27(6): 655–63.
Hardaway CR, McLoyd VC, Wood D. Exposure to Violence and Socioemotional Adjustment in Low-Income Youth: An Ex-amination of Protective Factors. Am J Community Psychol 2012; 49(1–2): 112–26.
Ozer EJ, Lavi I, Douglas L, Wolf JP. Protective Factors for Youth Exposed to Violence in Their Communities: A Review of Family, School, and Community Moderators. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2017; 46(3): 353–78.