Procena rizika po zdravlje dece na osnovu sadržaja toksičnih metala Pb, Cd, Cu i Zn u gradskom zemljištu na teritoriji Podgorice, Crna Gora
Sažetak
Uvod/Cilj. Zbog niske tolerancije na zagađivače i puta prenošenja ruke-usta, rizik od narušenja zdravlja je veoma visok u dečjoj populaciji. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se izvrši procena rizika po zdravlje dece na osnovu sadržaja teških metala u uzorcima gradskog zemljišta u Podgorici, Crna Gora. Ovo istraživanje je obuhvatilo određivanje koncentracija nekoliko toksičnih metala kao što su Pb, Cd, Cu i Zn u uzorcima zemljišta javnih parkova i dečijih igrališta. Metode. Uzorkovanje je sprovedeno tokom oktobra i novembra 2012. godine. Klaster analizom uzorci zemljišta podeljeni su u dve grupe na osnovu sličnosti sadržaja metala na ispitivanim lokacijama: grupa I – uzorci sa mesta u rekreativnim ili stambenim delovima grada i grupa II – uzorci iz parkova i igralište blizu saobraćajnice. Koncentracija metala u uzorcima urbanog zemljišta određena je primenom atomske apsorpcione spektrometrije pomoću grafitne kivete (Pb i Cd) i tehnike optičke emisione spektroskopije sa induktivno kuplovanom plazmom (Cu i Zn) nakon mikrotalasne digestije. Na osnovu stepena izloženosti uticaju gradskog zemljišta, nekancerogeni indeks opasnosti (hazard index – HI) za decu izračunat je na 95. procentu vrednosti ukupne koncentracije metala. Vrednost za ukupni (ingestioni, dermalni i inhalacioni) HI izračunata je za maksimalne, minimalne i srednje koncentracije ispitivanih metala za decu. Rezultati. Srednja koncentracija toksičnih metala u uzorcima površinskog sloja zemljišta iznosila je 85,91 mg Pb/kg tla, 2,8 mg Cd/kg tla, 52,9 mg Cu/kg tla i 112,5 mg Zn/kg tla. Sadržaj metala bio je značajno veći u uzorcima zemljišta iz grupe II nego u uzorcima grupe I. Ovo jasno ukazuje na izražen i uočljiv uticaj urbanizacije, a naročito saobraćaja, na zagađenje zemljišta. Većina uzoraka (93,5%) imala je povećan sadržaj Pb, 12,9% uzoraka imalo je povećan sadržaj Cd, dok je sadržaj Cu i Zn bio u granicama propisanim nacionalnom regulativom. Na jednoj lokaciji vrednost za nivo bezbednosti za olovo bio je HI = 0,8, vrlo blizu maksimalne prihvatljive vrednosti koja iznosi 1, što je verovatno posledica intenzivnog saobraćaja u neposrednoj blizini ispitivane lokacije.
Zaključak. Ispitivani metali imali su više koncentracije na mestima u blizini industrijske zone i autoputa. Prosečne koncentracije Pb i Zn, kao i maksimalne koncentracije Pb, Cd i Zn bile su više od vrednosti propisanih nacionalnom regulativom.
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