Respiratorne bolesti dece predškolskog uzrasta u Nišu izložene čestičastim materijama i ugljen-monoksidu iz vazduha okoline
Sažetak
Uvod/Cilj. Analiza kvaliteta vazduha u Srbiji pokazuje da grad Niš spada u grupu gradova sa trećom kategorijom kvaliteta vazduha (značajno zagađenje). Cilj rada bila je analiza stepena uzročne povezanosti kvaliteta vazduha okoline iskazanog kroz sadržaj čestičastih materija (particulate matter prečnika 10 µm ili manje – PM10) i ugljen-monoksida (CO) i učestalosti bolesti disajnih organa kod dece predškolskog uzrasta u Nišu. Prikazane su karakteristike vazduha okoline u Nišu i istaknut uticaj saobraćajnih tokova na aerozagađenje. Metode. Uticaj povišenih koncentracija PM10 i ugljen-monoksida koji se nalaze u sastavu izduvnih gasova motornih vozila na području grada Niša, na pojavu neželjenih zdravstvenih efekata kod dece predškolskog uzrasta, kvantifikovan je pomoću hazardnog koeficijenta (HQ), individualnog zdravstvenog rizika (Ri) i verovatnoće pojave kancera (ICR). Za procenu zdravstvenog rizika korišćena je metodologija Agencije za zaštitu životne sredine SAD (US EPA). Rezultati. Merenje koncentracija zagađujućih supstanci u ambijentalnom vazduhu na analiziranoj teriritoriji u celokupnom periodu praćenja pokazalo je da su koncentracije suspendovanih čestica PM10 bile znatno iznad dozvoljenih tokom 80% dana. Maksimalna izmerena koncentracija PM10 iznosila je 191,6 µg/m3, a CO 5,415 mg/m3. Učestalost respiratornih bolesti u eksperimentalnoj grupi, sa izraženim uticajem zagađenog vazduha, iznosila je 57,17%, dok je kod kontrolne grupe ta vrednost bila znatno niža i iznosila je 41,10%. Uočene su i značajne razlike u zastupljenosti pojedinih respiratornih bolesti. Zaključak. Za dobru analizu uzročne povezanosti kvaliteta vazduha i zdravstvenog rizika od posebnog je značaja uspostavljanje i razvoj sistema za dugoročno praćenje, kontrolu, procenu i prognozu stanja aerozagađenja. Suspendovane čestice PM10 i CO zagađuju vazduh okoline što dovodi do pojave negativnih zdravstvenih efekata izložene populacije dece predškolskog uzrasta.
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