Uticaj nezakonite prerade olova na nivo olova u krvi dece u rudarskoj zoni

Aleksandar M Ćorac; Nemanja Barać; Zoran Bukumirić; Milan Barać; Saša Milićević; Milka M Vidović; Milica Mijović; Snežana Hudomal; Viktorija Joksimović; Milica Paut Kusturica; Danijela Ilić; Jelena Jović; Goran Trajković

doi:10.2298/VSP150827217C

Aleksandar M Ćorac University of Priština/Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Medicine
Nemanja Barać University of Belgrade, Faculty of Technology & Metallurgy, Innovation Center
Zoran Bukumirić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine
Milan Barać University of Priština/Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Technical Sciences
Saša Milićević Clinic for Rehabilitation ”Dr Miroslav Zotović“, Belgrade, Serbia
Milka M Vidović Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
Milica Mijović University of Priština/Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Medicine
Snežana Hudomal University of Priština/Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Medicine
Viktorija Joksimović University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine
Milica Paut Kusturica University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine
Danijela Ilić University of Priština/Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Medicine
Jelena Jović University of Priština/Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Medicine
Goran Trajković University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/VSP150827217C

Ključne reči: lead poisoning||, ||trovanje olovom, child, preschool||, ||deca, predškolska, serbia||, ||srbija, environmental pollutants||, ||životna sredina, zagađivači, blood chemical analysis||, ||krv, hemijske analize,

Sažetak

Uvod/Cilj. Na području severnog Kosova nalazila se jedna od najvećih industrija za proizvodnju olova i cinka u Evropi. Poseban akcenat se stavlja na deponije zaostale nakon ove industrijske proizvodnje. Na ovom području stanovnici u romskim kampovima bave se prikupljanjem olovnog otpada koji prerađuju – drobe i tope, u svojim barakama u primitivno organizovanim radnim sredinama. Zbog svega navedenog, bilo je neophodno ispitati koncentraciju olova u krvi dece mlađe od šest godina koja žive u ovom području, sa posebnim akcentom na analizu krvi dece koja žive u romskim kampovima. Metode. Naše istraživanje sprovedeno je na području opšine Leposavić, Kosovo i Metohija, Srbija, uključujući 78 ispitanika podeljenih u dve grupe: grupa I od 42 dece iz romskog kampa, i grupa II od 36 dece iz gradskog vrtića. Na osnovu matematičkog modela WRPLOT dobili smo podatak da se obe grupe ispitanika nalaze u zoni niskog rizika od izloženosti industrijskom zagađenju. Krv za nalizu uzimali smo iz prsta dece. Analiza krvi vršena je prema protokolu predviđenom od ESA Biosciences Lead Care. Rezultati. Prosečna starost ispitanika iznosila je 4,60 ± 1,63 godine. Prosečna koncentracija olova u krvi u grupi I bila je 19,11 µg/dL, a u grupi II 4.87 µg/dL. Postoji statistički visokoznačajna razlika u pogledu koncentracije olova u krvi između ispitivanih grupa (U = 39; p < 0,001). Sva deca (100%) iz grupe I imali su koncentracije olova u krvi veće od 5 µg/dL, a iz grupe II (χ² = 35,75; p < 0,001) njih 38,9%. Zaključak. Iako su obe grupe bile locirane van zone direktnog širenja zagađenja, rezultati ukazuju na visoke koncentracije olova u krvi sve ispitivane dece. Koncentracija je veća kod dece koja žive u sredini u kojoj se odvija ilegalna prerada olovnog otpada.

Reference

Pirkle JL, Kaufmann RB, Bordy DJ, Hickman T, Gunter EW, Paschal DC. Exposure of the U. S. population to lead, 1991–1994. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106(11): 745–50.

Vidovic MM, Lausevic M, Sadibasic A, Kocubovski M, Vidovic D. Assesment of pregnant women exposure to lead in the North Banat Region of Yugoslavia. J Balkan Ecol 2002; (5): 430–5.

Centers for Deseas Control and Prevention. What Do Parents Need to Know to Protect Their Children? Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/acclpp/blood_lead_levels.htm

Yabe J, Nakayama MM ,Ikenaka Y, Yared B, Yohannes BY, Bortey-Sam N, et al. Lead poisoning in children from townships in the vicinity of a lead–zinc mine in Kabwe, Zambia. Chemosphere 2015; 119: 941–7.

Molina-Villalba I, Lacasaña M, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Hernández AF Gonzalez-Alzaga BG, Aguilar-Garduño C, et al. Biomonitoring of arsenic, cadmium, lead, manganese and mercury inurine and hair of children living near mining and industrial areas. Chemosphere 2015; 124: 83–91.

Mason LH, Harp JP, Han DY. Pb Neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological Effects of Lead Toxicity. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014: 840547.

Guilarte TR, Opler M, Pletnikov M. Is lead exposure in early life an environmental risk factor for Schizophrenia? Neurobiological connections and testable hypotheses. Neurotoxicology. 2012; 33(3): 560−74.

Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113(7): 894–99.

Kennedy C, Lordo R, Sucosky MS, Boehm R, Brown MJ. Primary prevention of lead poisoning in children: a cross-sectional study to evaluate state specific lead-based paint risk reduction laws in preventing lead poisoning in children. Environ Health 2014; 13: 93.

Jusko TA, Henderson CR, Lanphear BP, Cory-Slechta DA, Parsons PJ, Canfield RL. Blood lead concentrations < 10 microg/dL and child intelligence at 6 years of age. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 116(2): 243−8.

Neal AP, Guilarte TR. Mechanisms of lead and manganese neurotoxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2013; 2(2): 99−114.

Bellinger DC. Neurological and behavioral consequences of childhood lead exposure. PLoS Med 2008; 5(5): e115.

Iriani DU, Matsukawa T, Tadjudin MK, Itoh H, Yokoyama K. Cross-sectional study on the effects of socioeconomic factors on lead exposure in children by gender in Serpong, Indonesia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2012; 9(11): 4135−49.

Wu Y, Yang X, Ge J, Zhang J. Blood lead level and its relationship to certain essential elements in the children aged 0 to 14 years from Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409(16): 3016−20.

Bierkens J, Smolders R, Van Holderbeke M, Cornelis C. Predicting blood lead levels from current and past environmental data in Europe. Sci Total Environ 2011; 409(23): 5101−10.

Evens A, Hryhorczuk D, Lanphear BP, Rankin KM, Lewis DA, Forst L, et al. The impact of low-level lead toxicity on school performance among children in the Chicago Public Schools: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Environ Health 2015; 14: 21.

Governor’s Task Force on the Prevention of Childhood Lead Poisoning: Preliminary Report. Available from: https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/lead/exposure/child.

Leafe M, Irigoyen M, DeLago C, Hassan A, Braitman L. Change in childhood lead exposure prevalence with new reference level. J Environ Health 2015; 77(10): 14−6.

Prathumratana L, Kim R, Kim KW. Heavy metal contamination of the mining and smelting District in Mitrovica, Kosovo. Kosovo, Proceedings of the International Symposia on Geoscience Resources and Environments of Asian Terranes (GREAT 2008), 4th IGCP 516, and 5th APSEG, November 24–26, 2008, Bangkok, Thailand. 2008. p. 479−82.

Barac N, Jokic A, Corac A, Manojlovic P, Barac M. Impact pollution of Trepca - flotation and waste deposit Leposavic and sustainable environmental management. Ecologica 2011; 18(62): 317−22. (Serbian)

Nannoni F, Protano G, Riccobono F.Uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy elements by two earthworm species from a smelter contaminated area in northern Kosovo. Soil Biol Biochem 2011; 43(12): 2359−67.

Minic D, Djokic J, Petkovic D, Djokic JJ. The environmental impact of the TSP emission from the lead smelter Trepča. „Agri−Food Sciences, Processes and Technologies“; 2012 May 10−12; Sibiu; Sibiu, Romania: 2012. p. 65−74.

Šajn R, Aliub M, Stafilov T, Alijagic J. Haevy metal contamination of topsoil around a lead and zinc smelter in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo. J Geochem Explor 2013; 134: 1−16.

Brown MJ, McWeeney G, Kim R, Tahirukaj A, Bulat P, Syla S, et al. Lead poisoning among internally displaced Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian children in the United Nations-Administered Province of Kosovo. Eur J Public Health 2010; 20(3): 288−92.

LeadCare® II Blood Lead Analyzer User’s Guide Available from: www.cliawaived.com/web/items/pdf/ESA_70_3447_LeadCare

Sanders AP, Miller SK, Nguyen V, Kotch JB, Fry RC. Toxic metal levels in children residing in a smelting craft village in Vietnam: a pilot biomonitoring study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 114.

Nichani V, Li WI, Smith MA, Noonan G, Kulkarni M, Kodavor M, et al. Blood lead levels in children after phase-out of leaded gasoline in Bombay, India. Sci Total Environ 2006; 363(1−3): 95−106.

Popovac D, Graziano J, Seaman C, Colakovic B, Popovac R, Osmani I, et al. Elevated blood lead in a population near a lead smelter in Kosovo, Yugoslavia. Arch Environ Health 1982; 37(1): 19−23.

Brown MJ, McWeeney G, Kim R, Tahirukaj A, Bulat P, Syla S, et al. Lead poisoning among internally displaced Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian children in the United Nations-Administered Province of Kosovo. Eur J Public Health 2010; 20(3): 288−92.

Barać N, Škrivanj S, Bukumirić Z, Barać M, Manojlović D, Petroviće R, et al. Arsenic in Agricultural Soils of a Historically Mined and Industrial Region of Southern Serbia and Northern Kosovo: Bioavailability and Uptake by Plants Species Zea mays L. and Solanum tuberosum L. Soil Sedim Contamin 2015; 24(6): 1−19.

Yeoh B, Woolfenden S, Lanphear B, Ridley GF, Livingstone N, Jorgen-sen E. Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (12): CD006047.

Raymond J, Wheeler W, Brown MJ, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Inadequate and unhealthy housing, 2007 and 2009. MMWR Suppl 2011; 60(1): 21−7.