DIGITALIZATION OF CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN CRIMINAL MATTERS AT THE LEVEL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Keywords:
criminal procedure, digitalization, cooperation in criminal matters, video-conference connection, remote communications.
Abstract
It is assumed that the use of information technologies in the judicial system could contribute not only to the increase in the efficiency of the work of the competent authorities and the rationalization of criminal proceedings and individual procedural actions, but that it could also have such an impact on the procedures of cross-border judicial cooperation between the competent authorities of different countries. At the level of the European Union, in the last fifteen years, there has been a strategic commitment towards the creation of European electronic justice, and the concept of cooperative digital justice has been developing recently. The concept also received a legal basis in 2023 with the adoption of Regulation on the digitization of judicial cooperation and access to justice in cross-border civil, commercial and criminal matters. This paper presents the origin and development of the ideas that led to the Regulation and analyzes the legal framework, with an emphasis on cooperation in criminal matters. Also, the paper pays attention to a special form of cross-border cooperation in criminal matters, which is participation in court proceedings via video-conference link or other technologies for remote communication, when individual participants in the proceedings are located on the territory of different member states, an increasingly certain modification of criminal proceedings in the environment of the growing use of information technologies.
References
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- Council Framework Decision 2005/214/JHA of 24 February 2005 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to financial penalties, OJ L 76, 22.3.2005, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2005/214/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2006/783/JHA of 6 October 2006 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to confiscation orders, OJ L 328, 24.11.2006, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2006/783/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA of 27 November 2008 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to judgments in criminal matters imposing custodial sentences or measures involving deprivation of liberty for the purpose of their enforcement in the European Union, OJ L 327, 5.12.2008, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2008/909/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2008/947/JHA of 27 November 2008 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to judgments and probation decisions with a view to the supervision of probation measures and alternative sanctions, OJ L 337, 16.12.2008, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2008/947/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2009/829/JHA of 23 October 2009 on the application, between Member States of the European Union, of the principle of mutual recognition to decisions on supervision measures as an alternative to provisional detention, OJ L 294, 11.11.2009, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2009/829/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2009/948/JHA of 30 November 2009 on prevention and settlement of conflicts of exercise of jurisdiction in criminal proceedings, OJ L 328, 15.12.2009, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2009/948/oj/eng.
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- European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Digitalisation of justice in the European Union - A toolbox of opportunities, COM(2020) 710 final, 2.12.2020, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM:2020:710:FIN;
- European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee: Towards a European e Justice Strategy SEC(2008)1947 SEC(2008)1944, COM(2008)329 final, 30.5.2008,https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52008DC0329&qid=1741371373592.
- Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the Committee of the regions - Digitising European Industry Reaping the full benefits of a Digital Single Market; COM/2016/0180 final, 19.4.2016, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0180.
- European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the digitalisation of judicial cooperation and access to justice in cross-border civil, commercial and criminal matters, and amending certain acts in the field of judicial cooperation, COM/2021/759 final, 1.12.2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0759#page=2;
- Tallinn Declaration on eGovernment at the ministerial meeting during Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU on 6 October 2017, https://www.eu2017.ee/news/insights/tallinn-declaration-egovernment-ministerial-meeting-during-estonian-presidency.
- OEBS, „The Functioning of Courts in the Covid-19 Pandemic“, 2020, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/5/469170.pdf (приступљено: 11. septembar 2025)
- Еuropean Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), Guide on the use and development of remote hearings, 2025, https://rm.coe.int/cepej-2025-3-en-guide-for-remote-hearings-2763-8911-6430-1/1680b6bb7b (приступљено: 11. septembar 2025)
- ECtHR, Marcello Viola v. Italy (§ 61 и 62), (Application no. 45106/04)
- ECtHR, Sakhnovskiy v. Russia, § 45, (Application no. 21272/03)
- ECtHR, S. v. Switzerland, 28 November 1991, § 48, Series A no. 220, (Application no. 12629/87; 13965/88)
- Бугарски Т., Коришћење видео-конференцијске везе у кривичном поступку, Тематски Зборник: Хармонизација српског и мађарског права са правом ЕУ, Правни факултет Нови Сад 2024, 157-179;
- Duzlevski I., „Značaj digitalizacije u krivičnom pravu“, Digitalizacija u kaznenom pravu i pravosuđu, тематски зборник, Београд 2022, 59-69, https://www.iksi.ac.rs/izdanja/digitalizacija_u_kaznenom_pravu_i_pravosudju_2022.pdf
- Giacalone P., „Towards the digitalization of EU judicial cooperation - Access to justice to be improved“, Freedom, Security & Justice: European Legal Studies 2/2024, 253-288;
- Inchausti F. G., „The new regulation on the digitalisation of judicial cooperation in the European Union: something old, something new, something borrowed and something blue“, ERA Forum 4/2023, 535-552;
- Kremens K., Peristeridou C., „Everything, Everywhere All At Once’: Virtual Criminal Justice in Europe“, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2/2025, 1-15;
- Лазаров З., Заштита сведока у кривичном поступку, докторска дисертација, Правни факултет у Београду 2018.године;
- Laux Ј., M. Kröger, Videoconferencing in Proceedings, Oxford University Press, 2023;
- Marx A.K.G, D.F Sachs, A.C Frenzel, M.T Schweizer, „Emotional contagion in dyadic online video conferences—empirical evidence based on self-report and facial expression data“, Frontiers in Psychology 16/2025, 1-18;
- McKay C, Macintosh K, „Remote Criminal Justice and Vulnerable Individuals: Blunting Emotion and Empathy?“, Tilburg Law Review 2/2024, 125-143;
- Mousas C, D. Anastasiou, O. Spantidi, „The effects of appearance and motion of virtual characters on emotional reactivity“, Computers in human behavior 86/2018, 99-108;
- Nicolae I., G.B. Spîrchez, Modernizing the Еuropean judicial cooperation by digitizing cross-border proceedings, Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series VII: Social Sciences and Law 17/2024, 175-180;
- Panzavolta M, „A Defendant’s Right to Videoconference? Looking at Online Participation in Criminal Trials in a Different Light“, Tilburg Law Review 2/2024, 69-86;
- Pérez A.M.V, „Digitisation in civil judicial cooperation in the European Union: an analysis of its evolution“, Revista Electrônica de Direito Processual 3/2024, 108-125;
- Pivaty A., „Lawyers in Digitalised Criminal Proceedings and Defendants’ Access to Criminal Justice“, Tilburg Law Review 2/2024, 31-47;
- Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC, OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng
- Regulation (EU) 2018/1805 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 on the mutual recognition of freezing orders and confiscation orders, OJ L 303, 28.11.2018, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2018/1805/oj/eng.
- Regulation (EU) 2023/2844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2023 on the digitalisation of judicial cooperation and access to justice in cross-border civil, commercial and criminal matters, and amending certain acts in the field of judicial cooperation, OJ L 2023/2844, 27.12.2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R2844#ntc8-L_202302844EN.000101-E0008.
- Directive 2011/99/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the European protection order, OJ L 338, 21.12.2011, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/99/oj/eng.
- Directive 2013/48/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in European arrest warrant proceedings, and on the right to have a third party informed upon deprivation of liberty and to communicate with third persons and with consular authorities while deprived of liberty, OJ L 294, 6.11.2013, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2013/48/oj/eng.
- Directive 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 regarding the European Investigation Order in criminal matters, OJ L 130, 1.5.2014, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/41/oj/eng.
- Directive (EU) 2023/2843 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13.12.2023 amending Directives 2011/99/EU and 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directive 2003/8/EC and Council Framework Decisions 2002/584/JHA, 2003/577/JHA, 2005/214/JHA, 2006/783/JHA, 2008/909/JHA, 2008/947/JHA, 2009/829/JHA and 2009/948/JHA, as regards digitalisation of judicial cooperation, OJ L, 2023/2843, 27.12.2023, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L_202302843.
- Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States - Statements made by certain Member States on the adoption of the Framework Decision, IO L 190, 18.7.2002, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32002F0584.
- Council Framework Decision 2003/577/JHA of 22 July 2003 on the execution in the European Union of orders freezing property or evidence, IO L 196, 2.8.2003, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/GA/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32003F0577&qid=1719725714366.
- Council Framework Decision 2005/214/JHA of 24 February 2005 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to financial penalties, OJ L 76, 22.3.2005, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2005/214/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2006/783/JHA of 6 October 2006 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to confiscation orders, OJ L 328, 24.11.2006, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2006/783/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA of 27 November 2008 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to judgments in criminal matters imposing custodial sentences or measures involving deprivation of liberty for the purpose of their enforcement in the European Union, OJ L 327, 5.12.2008, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2008/909/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2008/947/JHA of 27 November 2008 on the application of the principle of mutual recognition to judgments and probation decisions with a view to the supervision of probation measures and alternative sanctions, OJ L 337, 16.12.2008, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2008/947/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2009/829/JHA of 23 October 2009 on the application, between Member States of the European Union, of the principle of mutual recognition to decisions on supervision measures as an alternative to provisional detention, OJ L 294, 11.11.2009, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2009/829/oj/eng.
- Council Framework Decision 2009/948/JHA of 30 November 2009 on prevention and settlement of conflicts of exercise of jurisdiction in criminal proceedings, OJ L 328, 15.12.2009, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dec_framw/2009/948/oj/eng.
- Council of the European Union, Note: European e-Justice action plan, 7.11.2008, https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-15315-2008-INIT/en/pdf.
- Council of the European Union, Multi-annual European e-Justice action plan 2009-2013, OJ C 75, 31.3.2009, p. 1-12, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52009XG0331%2801%29&qid=1741372736674;
- Council of the European Union, Draft strategy on European e-Justice 2014-2018, OJ C 376, 21.12.2013, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52013XG1221%2802%29&qid=1741375845939;
- Council of the European Union, Multiannual European e-Justice Action Plan 2014-2018, OJ C 182, 14.6.2014, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52014XG0614%2801%29&qid=1741375845939.
- Council of the European Union, 2019-2023 Strategy on e-Justice, ОЈ C 96, 13.3.2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52019XG0313%2801%29&qid=1741375845939;
- Council of the European Union, 2019-2023 Action Plan European e-Justice, OJ C 96, 13.3.2019, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52019XG0313%2802%29&qid=1741375845939.
- Council of the European Union, European e-Justice Strategy 2024-2028 OJ C, C/2025/437, 16.1.2025, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52025XG00437&qid=1741375845939;
- European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee: Towards a European e Justice Strategy SEC(2008)1947 SEC(2008)1944, COM(2008)329 final, 30.5.2008, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52008DC0329&qid=1741371373592;
- European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Digitalisation of justice in the European Union - A toolbox of opportunities, COM(2020) 710 final, 2.12.2020, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=COM:2020:710:FIN;
- European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the European Economic and Social Committee: Towards a European e Justice Strategy SEC(2008)1947 SEC(2008)1944, COM(2008)329 final, 30.5.2008,https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52008DC0329&qid=1741371373592.
- Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the Committee of the regions - Digitising European Industry Reaping the full benefits of a Digital Single Market; COM/2016/0180 final, 19.4.2016, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52016DC0180.
- European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the digitalisation of judicial cooperation and access to justice in cross-border civil, commercial and criminal matters, and amending certain acts in the field of judicial cooperation, COM/2021/759 final, 1.12.2021, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52021PC0759#page=2;
- Tallinn Declaration on eGovernment at the ministerial meeting during Estonian Presidency of the Council of the EU on 6 October 2017, https://www.eu2017.ee/news/insights/tallinn-declaration-egovernment-ministerial-meeting-during-estonian-presidency.
- OEBS, „The Functioning of Courts in the Covid-19 Pandemic“, 2020, https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/5/469170.pdf (приступљено: 11. septembar 2025)
- Еuropean Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ), Guide on the use and development of remote hearings, 2025, https://rm.coe.int/cepej-2025-3-en-guide-for-remote-hearings-2763-8911-6430-1/1680b6bb7b (приступљено: 11. septembar 2025)
- ECtHR, Marcello Viola v. Italy (§ 61 и 62), (Application no. 45106/04)
- ECtHR, Sakhnovskiy v. Russia, § 45, (Application no. 21272/03)
- ECtHR, S. v. Switzerland, 28 November 1991, § 48, Series A no. 220, (Application no. 12629/87; 13965/88)
Published
2026/01/15
Section
Original Scientific Paper