Srpski
Keywords:
motor abilities, motor tests, factor analysis
Abstract
The aim of the study is to define the structure of motor abilities on the selected sample and compare the obtained model with the model determined by nine motor abilities. Testing was performed on a sample of 220 girls and 180 boys aged ten, using a battery of 18 motor tests. Based on the results obtained, factor analysis determined 5 vectors in the boys' group and 4 vectors in the girls' group, carrying the most information about the measured characteristics. For a certain number of variables, it was found that they do not belong to any constituted vector. The results indicate differences in the structure of the motor space between the obtained and tested model; differences in the structure of the motor space between girls and boys; and a greater number of hypothetical models that can explain the structure of the motor space in children. The research results contribute to a better understanding of structural theories in the field of motor abilities; they point out deficiencies in the scientific methodology dealing with the study of motor space and its structure; and indicate the necessity of an interdisciplinary anthropological approach to solve this problem.
Keywords: motor abilities, motor tests, factor analysis
References
Bala, G. i Ambrožič, F. (2002). Rekonstrukcija baterije motoričkih testova na osnovu hipotetičkih faktora. Bala, G. (ur.), Sport, fizička aktivnost i zdravlje mladih, rad štampan u celini, 19–21 septembar 2002, (12–21). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Bala, G. i Ambrožič, F. (2013). Internal metric characteristics of motor tests on physical education students. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Kinanthropologica, 39(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.l2268086
Bala, G. i Krneta, Ž. (2006). O metrijskim karakteristikama motoričkih testova za decu. Bala, G. (ur.), Antropološki status i fizička aktivnost dece i omladine Antropološke karakteristike i sposobnosti predškolske dece, rad štampan u celini, 7–8. decembar 2006, (13–21). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Bala, G., Popović, B. i Sabo, E. (2006). Fizička aktivnost devojčica i dečaka predškolskog uzrasta. Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Bolger, L. E., Bolger, L. A., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., O’Brien, W., Lacey, S. & Burns, C. (2018). Age and sex differences in fundamental movement skills among a cohort of Irish school children. Journal of motor learning and development, 6(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2017-0003
Borukova, M. (2019). Factor structure and major factors of physical ability of 13-14-year-old pupils. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 1, 77-84. DOI: 10.37393/jass.2019.01.7
Carballo-Fazanes, A., Rey, E., Valentini, N. C., Varela-Casal, C. & Abelairas-Gómez, C. (2023). Interrater Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition Following Raters’ Agreement on Measurement Criteria. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 1, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2022-0068
Duncan, M. J., Martins, C., Ribeiro Bandeira, P. F., Issartel, J., Peers, C., Belton, S. ... & Behan, S. (2022). TGMD-3 short version: Evidence of validity and associations with sex in Irish children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1978161
Eddy, L. H., Bingham, D. D., Crossley, K. L., Shahid, N. F., Ellingham-Khan, M., Otteslev, A. ... & Hill, L. J. (2020). The validity and reliability of observational assessment tools available to measure fundamental movement skills in school-age children: A systematic review. PloS one, 15(8), e0237919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237919
Forsyth, S., Lowry, R., Mutrie, N. & Deuchar, R. (2009). Factors that impact on participation in physical education. In Fourth Physical Education, Physical Activity and Youth Sport Forum PE PAYS, 49–58.
Garn, A. C. & Webster, E. K. (2018). Reexamining the factor structure of the test of gross motor development-Second edition: Application of exploratory structural equation modeling. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 22(3), 200-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2017.1413373
Garn, A. C. & Webster, E. K. (2021). Bifactor structure and model reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd edition. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.08.009
Jakšić, D., Matić, R. & Cvetković, M. (2013). Metric Characteristics of One Battery of Motoric Measuring Instruments. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2(1), 11-16.
Klingberg, B., Schranz, N., Barnett, L. M., Booth, V. & Ferrar, K. (2019). The feasibility of fundamental movement skill assessments for pre-school aged children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(4), 378-386. http:// doi=10.1080/02640414.2018.1504603
Lazarević, P., Milosavljević, S., Lazarević, S., Marković, V. & Savić, A. (2018). Different levels of motor abilities in boys and girls aged 10 and 9. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 16(1), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES161102017L
Mainhan, B., Dale, M., Vivian, G. & Jared, B. (2006). Listening to Girls and Boys Talk Abaout Physical Activity Behaviors. Healt Educ Behav; 33(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198105282443
Maïano, C., Morin, A. J., April, J., Webster, E. K., Hue, O., Dugas, C. & Ulrich, D. (2022). Psychometric properties of a french-Canadian version of the test of gross motor development–third edition (TGMD-3): A bifactor structural equation modeling approach. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 26(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2021.1946541
Markovic, S., Markovic, K. & Kramskoj, S. (2011). Differences between the motor status of young prepubescent boys and girls. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, (4), 161–163.
Panjan, A. Sarabon, N. (2010). Review of methods for the evaluation of human body balance. Sort Science Review, (19), 5–6. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0036-5
Popović, R., Heroden, K. Dolga, M. (2004). Uporedna analiza baterije testova za procenu statusa bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti studenata fakulteta fizičke kulture. Godišnjak Fakulteta sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja (12), 226–240.
Psotta, R. & Brom, O. (2016). Factorial structure of the movement assessment battery for children test - second edition in preschool children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(3), 702–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516666072
Radisavljević-Janić, S., Milanović, I. i Lazarević, D. (2012). Physical activity in adolescence: age and gender differences. Journal of Education (1), 183–194.
Salami, S., Bandeira, P. F. R., Gomes, C. M. A. & Dehkordi, P. S. (2021). The test of gross motor development–Third edition: A bifactor model, dimensionality, and measurement invariance. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 10(1), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2020-0069
Scheuer, C., Herrmann, C. & Bund, A. (2019). Motor tests for primary school aged children: A systematic review. Journal of sports sciences, 37(10), 1097-1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1544535
Smajić, M., Ivanov, A., Čokorilo, N., Dimitrić, G., Stajer, V. i Tomić, B. (2018). Differences in motor abilities of younger school children based on their sex. Sport Mont Journal, 16(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.180205
Šekeljić, G. i Marković, Ž. (2011). Metrijske karakteristike motoričkih testova za procenu ravnoteže, Zbornik radova, 13(14), 257–268.
Šekeljić, G., Stamatović, M. i Ѓеоргиев, Ѓ. (2014). Problemi u definisanju hipotetičkog prostora motoričkih sposobnosti. Zbornik radova, 17(16), 109–122.
Šekeljić, G., Stamatović, M., Marković, Ž. i Marković, J. (2013). Metric characteristics of the motor test used to estimate the force of arms and shoulders. Facta Universitates series Physical Education and Sport, 11(1), 115–124.
Šimunek, J. (2006). Model of development of coordination abilities in the long-term sports preparation in volleyball. Editura Universitatii din Oradea.
Višnjić, D., Martinović, D., Ilić, J. i Marković, Ž. (2010). Ispitivanje relacija postignuća i motivacije učenika VII razreda za angažovanje u nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja. Sportmont, (23−24), 25−30. https://doi.org/10.5550/sp.2.2010.05
Wong, K. Y. A. & Yin Cheung, S. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis of the test of gross motor development-2. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 14(3), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10913671003726968
Bala, G. i Ambrožič, F. (2013). Internal metric characteristics of motor tests on physical education students. Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Kinanthropologica, 39(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.l2268086
Bala, G. i Krneta, Ž. (2006). O metrijskim karakteristikama motoričkih testova za decu. Bala, G. (ur.), Antropološki status i fizička aktivnost dece i omladine Antropološke karakteristike i sposobnosti predškolske dece, rad štampan u celini, 7–8. decembar 2006, (13–21). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Bala, G., Popović, B. i Sabo, E. (2006). Fizička aktivnost devojčica i dečaka predškolskog uzrasta. Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Bolger, L. E., Bolger, L. A., O’Neill, C., Coughlan, E., O’Brien, W., Lacey, S. & Burns, C. (2018). Age and sex differences in fundamental movement skills among a cohort of Irish school children. Journal of motor learning and development, 6(1), 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2017-0003
Borukova, M. (2019). Factor structure and major factors of physical ability of 13-14-year-old pupils. Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 1, 77-84. DOI: 10.37393/jass.2019.01.7
Carballo-Fazanes, A., Rey, E., Valentini, N. C., Varela-Casal, C. & Abelairas-Gómez, C. (2023). Interrater Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition Following Raters’ Agreement on Measurement Criteria. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 1, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2022-0068
Duncan, M. J., Martins, C., Ribeiro Bandeira, P. F., Issartel, J., Peers, C., Belton, S. ... & Behan, S. (2022). TGMD-3 short version: Evidence of validity and associations with sex in Irish children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 40(2), 138-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2021.1978161
Eddy, L. H., Bingham, D. D., Crossley, K. L., Shahid, N. F., Ellingham-Khan, M., Otteslev, A. ... & Hill, L. J. (2020). The validity and reliability of observational assessment tools available to measure fundamental movement skills in school-age children: A systematic review. PloS one, 15(8), e0237919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237919
Forsyth, S., Lowry, R., Mutrie, N. & Deuchar, R. (2009). Factors that impact on participation in physical education. In Fourth Physical Education, Physical Activity and Youth Sport Forum PE PAYS, 49–58.
Garn, A. C. & Webster, E. K. (2018). Reexamining the factor structure of the test of gross motor development-Second edition: Application of exploratory structural equation modeling. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 22(3), 200-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2017.1413373
Garn, A. C. & Webster, E. K. (2021). Bifactor structure and model reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd edition. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(1), 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.08.009
Jakšić, D., Matić, R. & Cvetković, M. (2013). Metric Characteristics of One Battery of Motoric Measuring Instruments. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 2(1), 11-16.
Klingberg, B., Schranz, N., Barnett, L. M., Booth, V. & Ferrar, K. (2019). The feasibility of fundamental movement skill assessments for pre-school aged children. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(4), 378-386. http:// doi=10.1080/02640414.2018.1504603
Lazarević, P., Milosavljević, S., Lazarević, S., Marković, V. & Savić, A. (2018). Different levels of motor abilities in boys and girls aged 10 and 9. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 16(1), 189-199. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES161102017L
Mainhan, B., Dale, M., Vivian, G. & Jared, B. (2006). Listening to Girls and Boys Talk Abaout Physical Activity Behaviors. Healt Educ Behav; 33(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198105282443
Maïano, C., Morin, A. J., April, J., Webster, E. K., Hue, O., Dugas, C. & Ulrich, D. (2022). Psychometric properties of a french-Canadian version of the test of gross motor development–third edition (TGMD-3): A bifactor structural equation modeling approach. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 26(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2021.1946541
Markovic, S., Markovic, K. & Kramskoj, S. (2011). Differences between the motor status of young prepubescent boys and girls. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, (4), 161–163.
Panjan, A. Sarabon, N. (2010). Review of methods for the evaluation of human body balance. Sort Science Review, (19), 5–6. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10237-011-0036-5
Popović, R., Heroden, K. Dolga, M. (2004). Uporedna analiza baterije testova za procenu statusa bazičnih motoričkih sposobnosti studenata fakulteta fizičke kulture. Godišnjak Fakulteta sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja (12), 226–240.
Psotta, R. & Brom, O. (2016). Factorial structure of the movement assessment battery for children test - second edition in preschool children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 123(3), 702–716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516666072
Radisavljević-Janić, S., Milanović, I. i Lazarević, D. (2012). Physical activity in adolescence: age and gender differences. Journal of Education (1), 183–194.
Salami, S., Bandeira, P. F. R., Gomes, C. M. A. & Dehkordi, P. S. (2021). The test of gross motor development–Third edition: A bifactor model, dimensionality, and measurement invariance. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 10(1), 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2020-0069
Scheuer, C., Herrmann, C. & Bund, A. (2019). Motor tests for primary school aged children: A systematic review. Journal of sports sciences, 37(10), 1097-1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1544535
Smajić, M., Ivanov, A., Čokorilo, N., Dimitrić, G., Stajer, V. i Tomić, B. (2018). Differences in motor abilities of younger school children based on their sex. Sport Mont Journal, 16(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.180205
Šekeljić, G. i Marković, Ž. (2011). Metrijske karakteristike motoričkih testova za procenu ravnoteže, Zbornik radova, 13(14), 257–268.
Šekeljić, G., Stamatović, M. i Ѓеоргиев, Ѓ. (2014). Problemi u definisanju hipotetičkog prostora motoričkih sposobnosti. Zbornik radova, 17(16), 109–122.
Šekeljić, G., Stamatović, M., Marković, Ž. i Marković, J. (2013). Metric characteristics of the motor test used to estimate the force of arms and shoulders. Facta Universitates series Physical Education and Sport, 11(1), 115–124.
Šimunek, J. (2006). Model of development of coordination abilities in the long-term sports preparation in volleyball. Editura Universitatii din Oradea.
Višnjić, D., Martinović, D., Ilić, J. i Marković, Ž. (2010). Ispitivanje relacija postignuća i motivacije učenika VII razreda za angažovanje u nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja. Sportmont, (23−24), 25−30. https://doi.org/10.5550/sp.2.2010.05
Wong, K. Y. A. & Yin Cheung, S. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis of the test of gross motor development-2. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 14(3), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10913671003726968
