Ambrosia trifida L. – trolisna ambrozija
Sažetak
Ambrosia trifida L. (AMBTR, fam. Asteraceae/Compositae) is native to North America and in Europe was introduced at the end of the 19th century accidentally with contaminated animal feed and seeds for planting. Today A. trifida present in meny countries in Europe in ruderal and agricultural habitats (France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Spain, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland, Serbia, Bulgaria etc.). The first time gaint ragweed detected 1981 in Serbia (site Čoka) but in the following period it disappeared from this site, and again was recorded 2006 in other site of country (central Bačka). Currently in Serbia it has the status of alian naturalized weed species.
This is a summer annual plant can grow up to 6 m height and exhibits a high degree of morphological and reproductive plasticity in response to encroachment by neighboring plants. It present in disturbed habitats such as agriculture fields it plays the role of the dominant species throughout the entire growlng season. In most cases, leaves are opposite and always simple and generally have 3 distinct lobes, but can have as many as 5. It is a diploid species (2n = 24), meso-hygrophilic, preferring wet habitate and can tolerate a wide variety of soil types. Also this is monoecious plant where male and female flowers are separated on the same individual. Also A. trifida can hybridise with A. artemisiifolia (A. x helenae Rouleau, with 2n= 27 and 2n= 33) but this hybride is described as sterile.
Compared to other summer annual species, A. trifida is among the first to emerge in early spring at optimal temperature from 10-24°C. Under optimal environmental conditions, giant ragweed produces around 1,800 (max 5,100) seeds plant-1. Flowering and bears fruit from July to September (October). Also, pollen of this species has allergenic potential. In USA and Canada giant ragweed populations developed resistant to herbicide acetolactate synthase inhibitors and glyphosate.
Giant ragweed can be problematic weeds in row crops (corn, soybean, sunflower, sugerbeet) and vegetables. For A. trifida control should prevent spreading and existing populations should be controlled by integrated weed management practices. Furthermore, A. trifida has a relatively low fecundity, a transient soil seed-bank and a high percentage of non-viable or low-survivorship seeds, features which may have constrained its establishment and spread in the current environmental conditions in Serbia.
Reference
Abul-Fatih, H. A., Bazzaz, F. A.: The bilogy of Ambrosia trifida L. I. Influence of species
removal on the organization of the plant community. New Phytologist, 83 (3), 813-816, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1979.tb02312.x
Ardenghi, N. M. G.: Ambrosia trifida L. (Asteraceae), In: Galasso G., Banfi E., Notualae ad
plantas advenas Longobardiae spectantes: 1 (1-28). Pagine Botaniche, 34, 28, 2010.
Atzori, S., La Rosa, M., Peruzzi, L.: Ambrosia trifida L. (Asteraceae), In: Notualae alla check
list della flora vascolare italiana 8 (1568-1622). Informatore Botanico Italiano, 42 (2), 359, 2009.
Barnett, K. A.: Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) competition in cotton. Weed Science, 61 (4),
543-548, 2012.
Barnett, K. A., Steckel, L. E.: Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Competition in Cotton. Weed
Science, 61 (4), 543-548, 2013. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-12-00169.1 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017
Batra, S. W. T.: Reproductive behavior of Euresta bella and E. festiva (Diptera: Tephritidae),
potential agents for the biological control of adventives North American ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.) in Eurasia. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 87 (2), 118-125, 1979.
Batra, S. W. T.: Puccinia xanthii form specialis ambrosid-trifidae. A microcyclic rust for the
biological control of giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida (Compositae). Mycopathologia, 72 (2), 61-64, 1981.
Baysinger, J. A., Sims, B. D.: Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Interference in Soybeans
(Glycine max). Weed Science, 39 (3), 358-362, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0043174500073069 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 June 2017
Bassett, I. J., Crompton, C. W.: The Biology of Canadian weeds: 55.: Ambrosia trifida L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 62 (4), 1003-1010, 1982.
Bassett, I. J., Terasmae, J.: Ragweeds, Ambrosia species, in Canada and their history in postglacial time. Canadian Journal of Botany, 40, 141-150, 1962.
Bazzaz, F. A., Carlson, R. W.: Photosynthetic contribution of flowers and seeds to reproductive
effort of an annual colonizer. New Phytologist, 82, 223-232, 1979.
Boža, P., Radić, J., Igić, R., Vukov, D., Anačkov, G.: Rod Ambrosia L. 1754 u Vojvodini. Biljni lekar (vanredni broj). XXIII Seminar iz zaštite bilja Vojvodine, Novi Sad, XXX, 92-100, 2002.
Bremer, K.: Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 752, 1994.
Chauvel, B., Rodriguez, A., Moreau, C., Martinez, Q., Bilon, R., Fried, G.: Développement d’Ambrosia trifida L. en France: connaissances historiques et écologiques en vue d’une éradication de l’espèce. Journal de Botanique de la Société Botanique de France, 71, 25 38, 2015.
D'Amato, G., Cecchi, L., Bonini, S., Nunes, C., Annesi-Maesano, I., Behrendt, H., Liccardi, G., Popov, T., Cauwenberge, P.: Allergenic pollen and pollen allery in Europe. Allergy, 62 (9), 976-990, 2007. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/all
Domina, G., Galasso, G., Bartolucci, F., Guarino, R.: Ellenberg Indicator Values for the
vascular flora alien to Italy. —Fl. Medit. 28, 53‐61, 2018. — ISSN: 1120‐4052 printed, 2240‐ 4538 online.
EPPO: Pest risk analysis for Ambrosia trifida. EPPO, Paris. Available at: https://gd.eppo.int /taxon/AMBTR/documents, 2019.
Follak, S., Dullinger, S., Kleinbauer, I., Moser, D., Essl, F.: Invasion dynamics of three allergenic invasive Asteraceae (Ambrosia trifida, Artemisia annua, Iva xanthiifolia) in central and eastern Europe. Preslia, 85 (1), 41-61, 2013.
Goeden, R. D.: California as a source of natural enemies for the biological control of ragweeds. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Gainesville, 1976, 198, 1978.
Goplen, J. J., Sheaffer, C. C., Becker, R. L., Coulter, J. A., Breitenbach, F. R., Behnken, L. M., Johnson, G. A., Gunsolus, J. L.: Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Seed Production and Retention in Soybean and Field Margins. Weed Technology, 30, 246–253, 2016.
Harrison, S. K., Regnier, E. E., Schmoll, J. T., Webb, J. E.: Competition and fecundity of giant
ragweed in corn. Weed Science, 49, 224-229, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)0490224: CAFOGR2.0.CO;2 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017
Harrison, S. K., Regnier, E. E., Schmoll, J. T.: Postdispersal predation of giant ragweed
(Ambrosia trifida) seed in no-tillage corn, Weed Science, 51, 955-964, 2003.
Harrison, S. K., Regnier, E. E., Schmoll, J. T., Harrison, J. M.: Seed Size and Burial Effects on Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Emergence and Seed Demise, 55, 1, 16-22, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-06-109.1
Heap, I. The International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database. Online. Thursday, October 7, 2021. Available www.weedscience.org Copyright © 1993- 2021 Weed Science.org All rights reserved. Fair use of this material is encouraged. Proper citation is requested, 2021.
Heywood, V. H., Harborne, J. B., Turner, B. L.: An overture to the Compositae. 1-20 in V. H. Heywood, J. B. Harborne and B. L. Turner, Eds. The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Hovick, S., McArdle, A., Harrison, S., Regnier, E.: A mosaic of phenotypic variation in giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): local and continental scale patterns in a range-expanding agricultural weed. Ecological Applications, 11 (6), 995-1009, 2018.
Johnson, B., Loux, M., Nordby, D., Sprague, C., Nice, G., Westhoven, A., Stacher, J.: Biology and management of giant ragweed. The Glyphosate, Weeds, and Crop Series. West Lafayette, USA, 2007.
Julien, M. H., Griffiths, M. W.: Biological Control of Weeds: a World Catalougue of Agents and their Target Weeds. Fourth Edition, Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1998.
Koljadžinski, B., Šajinović, B.: Prisustvo još jednog predstavnika roda Ambrosia L. - vrste Ambrosia trifida L. u Vojvodini. Fragmenta herbologica Jugoslavica, 11, 5-9, 1982.
Makra, L., Juhasz, M., Beczi, R. Borsos, E.: The history and impacts of airborne Ambrosia (Asteraceae) pollen in Hungary. Grana, 44, 57-64, 2005.
Malidža, G., Vrbničanin, S.: Novo nalazište alohtone korovske vrste Ambrosia trifida L. na području Vojvodine. VIII Savetovanje o zaštiti bilja, Zbornik rezimea, pp. 44-45, 2006.
Mamarot, J., Rodriguez, A.: Mauvaises herbes des cultures. ACTA Editions, Paris, 569 p., 2014.
Paquin, V., Aarssen, L. W.: Allometric gender allocation in Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae) has adaptive plasticity. American Journal of Botany, 91 (3), 430-438, 2004.
Payne, W. W.: A re-evaluation of the genus Ambrosia (Compositae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 45, 401-438, 1964.
Rasmusson, D. D., Dexter, A. G., Warren, H. III: The use of electricity to control weeds. Proceedings North Central Weed Control Conference 1979, 34, 66, 1980.
Regnier, E. E., Harrison, S. K., Loux, M. M., Holloman, C., Venkatesh, R., Diekmann, F., Taylor, R., Ford, R. A., Stoltenberg, D. E., Hartzler, R. G., Davis, A. S., Schutte, B. J., Cardina, J., Mahoney, K. J., Johnson, W. G.: Certified crop advisors perceptions of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) distribution, herbicide resistance, and management in the Corn Belt. Weed Science, 64, 361-377, 2016.
Savić, A., Lazarević, J., Vrbničanin, S.: Interspecijska i intraspecijska kompeticija vrsta Ambrosia trifida i A. artemisiifolia. Acta herbologica, 28 (1), 65-75, 2019.
Savić, A., Oveisi, M., Božić, D., Pavlović, D., Saulic, M., Müller Schärer, M., Vrbničanin, S.: Competition between Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida: is there a threat of a stronger competitor? Weed Research, 61 (4), 298-306, 2021. DOI: 10.1111/wre.12479
Schutte, B. J., Regnier, E. E., Harrison, K. S.: The association between seed size and seed longevity among maternal families in Ambrosia trifida L. populations. Seed Science Research, 18, 201-211, 2008.
Sheppard, A. W., Shaw, R. H., Sforza, R.: Top 20 environmental weeds for classical biological control in Europe: a review of opportunities, regulations and other barriers to adoption. Weed Research, 46, 93–117, 2006.
Strother, J. L.: Ambrosia L. In: Flora of North America North of México, 8 (3).
Uva, R. H., Neal, J. C., DiTomaso, J. M.: Weeds of the Northeast. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Vincent, G., Cappadiocia, M.: Characterization of reciprocal hybrids of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and giant ragweed, A. trifida. Weed Science, 36, 574- 576, 1988.
Vrbničanin, S., Karadžić, B., Dajić Stevanović, Z.: Adventivne i invazivne korovske vrste na
području Srbije. Acta biologica Iugoslavica, series G: Acta herbologica, 13 (1), 1-13, 2004.
Vrbničanin, S., Malidža, G., Gavrić, M.: Kriterijumi, metode i rezultati kartiranja alohtonih invazivnih korova na području Srbije. In: Invazivni korovi: invazivni procesi, ekološko-genetički potencijal, unišenje, predviđanje, rizici, širenje, štetnost i kartiranje (S. Vrbničanin Ed.). Herbološko društvo Srbije, Beograd, Srbija, str. 233-315, 2015.
Vrbničanin, S., Malidža, G., Božić, D., Rajković, M., Pavlović, D., Sarić, M., Elezović, I.: Kompetitivni odnosi između suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) i ambrozije trolisne (Ambrosia trifida L.). XIV Simpozijum o zaštiti bilja I IX Kongres o korovima, Zbornik rezimea radova, str. 128-129, 2012.
Weaver, S. E.: Correlations among relative crop and weed growth stages. Weed Science, 51 (2), 163-170, 2003.
Webster, T. M., Loux, M. M., Regnier, E. E., Harrison, S. K.: Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Canopy Architecture and Interference Studies in Soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 8 (3), 559-564, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0890037X00039683 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 June 2017
Xie, Y., Zhenyu, L., Gregg, W. P., Dianmo, L.: Invasive species in China – an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10 (8), 1317-1341, 2001.
removal on the organization of the plant community. New Phytologist, 83 (3), 813-816, 1979 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1979.tb02312.x
Ardenghi, N. M. G.: Ambrosia trifida L. (Asteraceae), In: Galasso G., Banfi E., Notualae ad
plantas advenas Longobardiae spectantes: 1 (1-28). Pagine Botaniche, 34, 28, 2010.
Atzori, S., La Rosa, M., Peruzzi, L.: Ambrosia trifida L. (Asteraceae), In: Notualae alla check
list della flora vascolare italiana 8 (1568-1622). Informatore Botanico Italiano, 42 (2), 359, 2009.
Barnett, K. A.: Giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) competition in cotton. Weed Science, 61 (4),
543-548, 2012.
Barnett, K. A., Steckel, L. E.: Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Competition in Cotton. Weed
Science, 61 (4), 543-548, 2013. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-12-00169.1 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017
Batra, S. W. T.: Reproductive behavior of Euresta bella and E. festiva (Diptera: Tephritidae),
potential agents for the biological control of adventives North American ragweeds (Ambrosia spp.) in Eurasia. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 87 (2), 118-125, 1979.
Batra, S. W. T.: Puccinia xanthii form specialis ambrosid-trifidae. A microcyclic rust for the
biological control of giant ragweed, Ambrosia trifida (Compositae). Mycopathologia, 72 (2), 61-64, 1981.
Baysinger, J. A., Sims, B. D.: Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Interference in Soybeans
(Glycine max). Weed Science, 39 (3), 358-362, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0043174500073069 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 June 2017
Bassett, I. J., Crompton, C. W.: The Biology of Canadian weeds: 55.: Ambrosia trifida L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 62 (4), 1003-1010, 1982.
Bassett, I. J., Terasmae, J.: Ragweeds, Ambrosia species, in Canada and their history in postglacial time. Canadian Journal of Botany, 40, 141-150, 1962.
Bazzaz, F. A., Carlson, R. W.: Photosynthetic contribution of flowers and seeds to reproductive
effort of an annual colonizer. New Phytologist, 82, 223-232, 1979.
Boža, P., Radić, J., Igić, R., Vukov, D., Anačkov, G.: Rod Ambrosia L. 1754 u Vojvodini. Biljni lekar (vanredni broj). XXIII Seminar iz zaštite bilja Vojvodine, Novi Sad, XXX, 92-100, 2002.
Bremer, K.: Asteraceae: Cladistics and Classification. Portland, OR: Timber Press, 752, 1994.
Chauvel, B., Rodriguez, A., Moreau, C., Martinez, Q., Bilon, R., Fried, G.: Développement d’Ambrosia trifida L. en France: connaissances historiques et écologiques en vue d’une éradication de l’espèce. Journal de Botanique de la Société Botanique de France, 71, 25 38, 2015.
D'Amato, G., Cecchi, L., Bonini, S., Nunes, C., Annesi-Maesano, I., Behrendt, H., Liccardi, G., Popov, T., Cauwenberge, P.: Allergenic pollen and pollen allery in Europe. Allergy, 62 (9), 976-990, 2007. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/all
Domina, G., Galasso, G., Bartolucci, F., Guarino, R.: Ellenberg Indicator Values for the
vascular flora alien to Italy. —Fl. Medit. 28, 53‐61, 2018. — ISSN: 1120‐4052 printed, 2240‐ 4538 online.
EPPO: Pest risk analysis for Ambrosia trifida. EPPO, Paris. Available at: https://gd.eppo.int /taxon/AMBTR/documents, 2019.
Follak, S., Dullinger, S., Kleinbauer, I., Moser, D., Essl, F.: Invasion dynamics of three allergenic invasive Asteraceae (Ambrosia trifida, Artemisia annua, Iva xanthiifolia) in central and eastern Europe. Preslia, 85 (1), 41-61, 2013.
Goeden, R. D.: California as a source of natural enemies for the biological control of ragweeds. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. Gainesville, 1976, 198, 1978.
Goplen, J. J., Sheaffer, C. C., Becker, R. L., Coulter, J. A., Breitenbach, F. R., Behnken, L. M., Johnson, G. A., Gunsolus, J. L.: Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Seed Production and Retention in Soybean and Field Margins. Weed Technology, 30, 246–253, 2016.
Harrison, S. K., Regnier, E. E., Schmoll, J. T., Webb, J. E.: Competition and fecundity of giant
ragweed in corn. Weed Science, 49, 224-229, 2001. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)0490224: CAFOGR2.0.CO;2 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2017
Harrison, S. K., Regnier, E. E., Schmoll, J. T.: Postdispersal predation of giant ragweed
(Ambrosia trifida) seed in no-tillage corn, Weed Science, 51, 955-964, 2003.
Harrison, S. K., Regnier, E. E., Schmoll, J. T., Harrison, J. M.: Seed Size and Burial Effects on Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Emergence and Seed Demise, 55, 1, 16-22, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-06-109.1
Heap, I. The International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database. Online. Thursday, October 7, 2021. Available www.weedscience.org Copyright © 1993- 2021 Weed Science.org All rights reserved. Fair use of this material is encouraged. Proper citation is requested, 2021.
Heywood, V. H., Harborne, J. B., Turner, B. L.: An overture to the Compositae. 1-20 in V. H. Heywood, J. B. Harborne and B. L. Turner, Eds. The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Hovick, S., McArdle, A., Harrison, S., Regnier, E.: A mosaic of phenotypic variation in giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida): local and continental scale patterns in a range-expanding agricultural weed. Ecological Applications, 11 (6), 995-1009, 2018.
Johnson, B., Loux, M., Nordby, D., Sprague, C., Nice, G., Westhoven, A., Stacher, J.: Biology and management of giant ragweed. The Glyphosate, Weeds, and Crop Series. West Lafayette, USA, 2007.
Julien, M. H., Griffiths, M. W.: Biological Control of Weeds: a World Catalougue of Agents and their Target Weeds. Fourth Edition, Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 1998.
Koljadžinski, B., Šajinović, B.: Prisustvo još jednog predstavnika roda Ambrosia L. - vrste Ambrosia trifida L. u Vojvodini. Fragmenta herbologica Jugoslavica, 11, 5-9, 1982.
Makra, L., Juhasz, M., Beczi, R. Borsos, E.: The history and impacts of airborne Ambrosia (Asteraceae) pollen in Hungary. Grana, 44, 57-64, 2005.
Malidža, G., Vrbničanin, S.: Novo nalazište alohtone korovske vrste Ambrosia trifida L. na području Vojvodine. VIII Savetovanje o zaštiti bilja, Zbornik rezimea, pp. 44-45, 2006.
Mamarot, J., Rodriguez, A.: Mauvaises herbes des cultures. ACTA Editions, Paris, 569 p., 2014.
Paquin, V., Aarssen, L. W.: Allometric gender allocation in Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae) has adaptive plasticity. American Journal of Botany, 91 (3), 430-438, 2004.
Payne, W. W.: A re-evaluation of the genus Ambrosia (Compositae). Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 45, 401-438, 1964.
Rasmusson, D. D., Dexter, A. G., Warren, H. III: The use of electricity to control weeds. Proceedings North Central Weed Control Conference 1979, 34, 66, 1980.
Regnier, E. E., Harrison, S. K., Loux, M. M., Holloman, C., Venkatesh, R., Diekmann, F., Taylor, R., Ford, R. A., Stoltenberg, D. E., Hartzler, R. G., Davis, A. S., Schutte, B. J., Cardina, J., Mahoney, K. J., Johnson, W. G.: Certified crop advisors perceptions of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) distribution, herbicide resistance, and management in the Corn Belt. Weed Science, 64, 361-377, 2016.
Savić, A., Lazarević, J., Vrbničanin, S.: Interspecijska i intraspecijska kompeticija vrsta Ambrosia trifida i A. artemisiifolia. Acta herbologica, 28 (1), 65-75, 2019.
Savić, A., Oveisi, M., Božić, D., Pavlović, D., Saulic, M., Müller Schärer, M., Vrbničanin, S.: Competition between Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Ambrosia trifida: is there a threat of a stronger competitor? Weed Research, 61 (4), 298-306, 2021. DOI: 10.1111/wre.12479
Schutte, B. J., Regnier, E. E., Harrison, K. S.: The association between seed size and seed longevity among maternal families in Ambrosia trifida L. populations. Seed Science Research, 18, 201-211, 2008.
Sheppard, A. W., Shaw, R. H., Sforza, R.: Top 20 environmental weeds for classical biological control in Europe: a review of opportunities, regulations and other barriers to adoption. Weed Research, 46, 93–117, 2006.
Strother, J. L.: Ambrosia L. In: Flora of North America North of México, 8 (3).
Uva, R. H., Neal, J. C., DiTomaso, J. M.: Weeds of the Northeast. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press, 1997.
Vincent, G., Cappadiocia, M.: Characterization of reciprocal hybrids of common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, and giant ragweed, A. trifida. Weed Science, 36, 574- 576, 1988.
Vrbničanin, S., Karadžić, B., Dajić Stevanović, Z.: Adventivne i invazivne korovske vrste na
području Srbije. Acta biologica Iugoslavica, series G: Acta herbologica, 13 (1), 1-13, 2004.
Vrbničanin, S., Malidža, G., Gavrić, M.: Kriterijumi, metode i rezultati kartiranja alohtonih invazivnih korova na području Srbije. In: Invazivni korovi: invazivni procesi, ekološko-genetički potencijal, unišenje, predviđanje, rizici, širenje, štetnost i kartiranje (S. Vrbničanin Ed.). Herbološko društvo Srbije, Beograd, Srbija, str. 233-315, 2015.
Vrbničanin, S., Malidža, G., Božić, D., Rajković, M., Pavlović, D., Sarić, M., Elezović, I.: Kompetitivni odnosi između suncokreta (Helianthus annuus L.) i ambrozije trolisne (Ambrosia trifida L.). XIV Simpozijum o zaštiti bilja I IX Kongres o korovima, Zbornik rezimea radova, str. 128-129, 2012.
Weaver, S. E.: Correlations among relative crop and weed growth stages. Weed Science, 51 (2), 163-170, 2003.
Webster, T. M., Loux, M. M., Regnier, E. E., Harrison, S. K.: Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) Canopy Architecture and Interference Studies in Soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 8 (3), 559-564, 1994. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0890037X00039683 Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 June 2017
Xie, Y., Zhenyu, L., Gregg, W. P., Dianmo, L.: Invasive species in China – an overview. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10 (8), 1317-1341, 2001.
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