Distribucija i kvantitativna zastupljenost korovskog suncokreta Helianthus annuus L. u Srbiji

  • Darko Stojićević Akademija tehničkih strukovnih studija Beograd
  • Sava Vrbničanin Univerzitzet u Beogradu, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Beograd, Srbija
Ključne reči: korovski suncokret, distribucija, kvantitativna zastupljenost, Srbija.

Sažetak


Vrsta Helianthus annuus L. koja se javlja kao korov (weedy sunflower) od gajenog suncokreta se razlikuje po visini, izraženom grananju, mikromorfološkoj i anatomskoj varijabilnosti listova, prisustvu pigmenta antocijana u različitim organima, velikom broju sitnih glavica po biljci, relativno sitnom i morfološki (oblik, boja, maljavost) raznovrsnom semenu, dormantnosti i lomljivosti semena, sporofitskoj samo-inkompatibilnosti itd. S obzirom da se korovski suncokret (KS) već duže od dve decenije širi na poljoprivrednom i nepoljoprivrednom zemljištu na području intenzivne proizvodnje suncokreta  u Srbiji i  pravi velike štete u različitim useva (okopavinama, strnim žitima), kao i zbog potvrđenih slučajeva smanjene osetljivosti na herbicide cilj u ovim istraživanjima je bio da se utvrdi precizna distribucija i brojnost populacije KS na teritoriji Srbije. Tokom tri godine obilažena su područja gde se gaji suncokret (Banat, Bačka, Srem, Stig) i na lokacijama gde su detektovane manje  ili veće populacije  KS procenjivana je veličina populacije i kvantitativna zastupljenost biljaka u populaciji. Za ocenu brojnosti biljaka u populaciji korišćena je skala od 1-4 (1- vrsta pokriva do 5% snimane površine, 2- vrsta pokriva 10-25% snimane površine, 3- vrsta pokriva 25-50% snimane površine i 4- vrsta pokriva preko 50% snimane površine). Na ukupnoj teritoriji Srbije evidentirano je preko 200 populacija KS i to je prikazano na UTM karti razmera 10x10 km. Najveće populacije (5 do15 ha), sa najvećom brojnošću biljaka KS (>100.000) i prosečnom gustinom (oko 5 biljaka m-2) evidentirane su na području Padinske Skele (u i izvan useva), Zbega (dominantno izvan useva) i Surčin- Galovica (dominantno u usevu). Na osnovu parametara fenotipske diskriminacije, populacija iz Starog Žednika je bila najsličnija gajenom suncokretu [sa prisutnom centralnom glavicom i apikalnim grananjem, sa najmanjim brojem  glavica u odnosu na ostale populacije  (18,5 biljci-1, dok su neke populacije imale i do 59,4 glavice biljci-1) i sa najvećim glavicama (8,1 cm u prečniku)].

Ovi rezultati treba da budu vodič poljoprivrednim proizvođačima kod planiranja biljne proizvodnje, preduzimanja adekvatnih mera u suzbijanju KS na principima antirezistentne strategije s obzirom da su potvrđeni slučajevi smanjene osetljivosti ovog korova na herbicide, kao i obaveza za njegovo uništavanje izvan obradivih površina s obzirom da su glavni koridori njegovog širenja površine pored puteva, utrine, međe, parlozi, površine duž kanala itd.

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