Uloga laboratorijskih biomarkera u dijagnostici i praćenju pacijenata sa COVID-19

  • Iva Perović Blagojević KBC "Dr Dragiša Mišović - Dedinje", Služba laboratorijske dijagnostike
  • Dragana Bojanin Institut za zdravstvenu zaštitu majke i deteta „Dr Vukan Čupić“, Odsek za kliničku hemiju i hematologiju, Biohemijska laboratorija
  • Danijela Ristovski-Kornic Dom zdravlja Pančevo, Biohemijska laboratorija
  • Jelena Marković Specijalna bolnica za bolesti štitaste žlezde i bolesti metabolizma „Zlatibor“, Biohemijska laboratorija
  • Predrag Aleksić Dom zdravlja Soko Banja, Biohemijska laboratorija
  • Branko Subošić Univerzitetska dečja klinika, Biohemijska laboratorija
  • Jelena Vekić Univerzitet u Beogradu - Farmaceutski fakultet, Katedra za medicinsku biohemiju
  • Jelena Kotur-Stevuljević Univerzitet u Beogradu - Farmaceutski fakultet, Katedra za medicinsku biohemiju
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/arhfarm72-36369
Ključne reči: biomarker, COVID-19, laboratorijska dijagnostika

Sažetak


Novi koronavirus SARS-CoV-2 je uzročnik lako prenosive i veoma heterogene infekcije respiratornog trakta, koju karakteriše širok spektar kliničkih manifestacija, različitog stepena težine. Medicinske laboratorije igraju važnu ulogu u ranoj dijagnostici i praćenju  pacijenata sa COVID-19. Rezultati nekoliko laboratorijskih testova su od suštinskog značaja za procenu težine bolesti, odabir odgovarajućih terapijskih procedura i praćenje odgovora na terapiju. Rutinska laboratorijska ispitivanja kod pacijenata sa COVID-19 uključuju biomarkere akutne faze, hematološke i biohemijske parametre koji ukazuju na oštećenje tkiva. Cilj ovog rada je da se prikaže uloga tih biomarkera u dijagnostici i praćenju toka bolesti kod odraslih i pedijatrijskih pacijenata sa COVID-19.

Reference

Statistical data on the COVID-19 virus in the Republic of Serbia [Internet] [cited 2022 March 20]. Available from: https:// https://covid19.rs/.

Lippi G, Plebani M. Laboratory abnormalities in patients with COVID-2019 infection. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1131-4.

Ponti G, Maccaferri M, Ruini C, Tomasi A, Ozben T. Biomarkers associated with COVID-19 disease progression. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020;57(6):389-99.

Sayah W, Berkane I, Guermache I, Sabri M, Lakhal FZ, Yasmine Rahali S, et al. Interleukin-6, procalcitonin and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio: Potential immune-inflammatory parameters to identify severe and fatal forms of COVID-19. Cytokine. 2021;141:155428.

Azar MM, Shin JJ, Kang I, Landry M. Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the setting of the cytokine release syndrome. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2020;20(11):1087-97.

Groneberg DA, Hilgenfeld R, Zabel P. Molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Respir Res. 2005;6:8.

Luo X, Zhou W, Yan X, Guo T, Wang B, Xia H, et al. Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Coronavirus 2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2174-9.

Tan C, Huang Y, Shi F, Tan K, Ma Q, Chen Y, et al. C-reactive protein correlates with computed tomographic findings and predicts severe COVID-19 early. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):856-62.

Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475-81.

Rodriguez A, Reyes LF, Monclou J, Suberviola B, Bodi M, Sirgo G, et al. Relationship between acute kidney injury and serum procalcitonin (PCT) concentration in critically ill patients with influenza infection. Med Intensiva (Engl Ed). 2018;42(7):399-408.

Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, Yuan YD, Yang YB, Yan YQ, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020;75(7):1730-41.

Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-74.

Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.

Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-20.

Lippi G, Plebani M. Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;505:190-1.

Malik P, Patel U, Mehta D, Patel N, Kelkar R, Akrmah M, et al. Biomarkers and outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalisations: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2021;26(3):107-8.

Chalmers S, Khawaja A, Wieruszewski PM, Gajic O, Odeyemi Y. Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: The role of inflammatory biomarkers. World J Crit Care Med. 2019;8(5):59-71.

Liu F, Li L, Xu M, Wu J, Luo D, Zhu Y, et al. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104370.

Parimoo A, Biswas A, Baitha U, Gupta G, Pandey S, Ranjan P, et al. Dynamics of Inflammatory Markers in Predicting Mortality in COVID-19. Cureus. 2021;13(10):e19080.

Heesom L, Rehnberg L, Nasim-Mohi M, Jackson AIR, Celinski M, Dushianthan A, et al. Procalcitonin as an antibiotic stewardship tool in COVID-19 patients in the intensive care unit. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;22:782-4.

Sun DW, Zhang D, Tian RH, Li Y, Wang YS, Cao J, et al. The underlying changes and predicting role of peripheral blood inflammatory cells in severe COVID-19 patients: A sentinel? Clin Chim Acta. 2020;508:122-9.

Liu Z, Long W, Tu M, Chen S, Huang Y, Wang S, et al. Lymphocyte subset (CD4+, CD8+) counts reflect the severity of infection and predict the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81(2):318-56.

Wiggill TM, Mayne ES, Vaughan JL, Louw S. Overview of the Haematological Effects of COVID-19 Infection. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1321:163-72.

Lagunas-Rangel FA. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):1733-4.

Renoux C, Fort R, Nader E, Boisson C, Joly P, Stauffer E, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on red blood cell rheology. Br J Haematol. 2021;192(4):e108-e11.

Cavezzi A, Troiani E, Corrao S. COVID-19: hemoglobin, iron, and hypoxia beyond inflammation. A narrative review. Clin Pract. 2020;10(2):1271.

Lippi G, Plebani M, Henry BM. Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;506:145-8.

Righini M, Perrier A, De Moerloose P, Bounameaux H. D-Dimer for venous thromboembolism diagnosis: 20 years later. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6(7):1059-71.

Yu HH, Qin C, Chen M, Wang W, Tian DS. D-dimer level is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;195:219-25.

Conte G, Cei M, Evangelista I, Colombo A, Vitale J, Mazzone A, et al. The Meaning of D-Dimer value in Covid-19. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2021;27:10760296211017668.

Artifoni M, Danic G, Gautier G, Gicquel P, Boutoille D, Raffi F, et al. Systematic assessment of venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients receiving thromboprophylaxis: incidence and role of D-dimer as predictive factors. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020;50(1):211-6.

Snijders D, Schoorl M, Schoorl M, Bartels PC, van der Werf TS, Boersma WG. D-dimer levels in assessing severity and clinical outcome in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A secondary analysis of a randomised clinical trial. Eur J Intern Med. 2012;23(5):436-41.

Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9.

Ciaccio M, Agnello L. Biochemical biomarkers alterations in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Diagnosis (Berl). 2020;7(4):365-72.

Letelier P, Encina N, Morales P, Riffo A, Silva H, Riquelme I, et al. Role of biochemical markers in the monitoring of COVID-19 patients. J Med Biochem. 2021;40(2):115-28.

Mardani R, Ahmadi Vasmehjani A, Zali F, Gholami A, Mousavi Nasab SD, Kaghazian H, et al. Laboratory Parameters in Detection of COVID-19 Patients with Positive RT-PCR; a Diagnostic Accuracy Study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e43.

Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Mild versus severe COVID-19: Laboratory markers. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;95:304-7.

Feng G, Zheng KI, Yan QQ, Rios RS, Targher G, Byrne CD, et al. COVID-19 and Liver Dysfunction: Current Insights and Emergent Therapeutic Strategies. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2020;8(1):18-24.

Lippi G, Plebani M. The critical role of laboratory medicine during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and other viral outbreaks. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(7):1063-9.

Zhang C, Shi L, Wang FS. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):428-30.

Shi H, Han X, Jiang N, Cao Y, Alwalid O, Gu J, et al. Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(4):425-34.

Li LQ, Huang T, Wang YQ, Wang ZP, Liang Y, Huang TB, et al. COVID-19 patients' clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):577-83.

Gao Y, Li T, Han M, Li X, Wu D, Xu Y, et al. Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations for patients with the severe COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):791-6.

Lagadinou M, Salomou EE, Zareifopoulos N, Marangos M, Gogos C, Velissaris D. Prognosis of COVID-19: Changes in laboratory parameters. Infez Med. 2020;28(suppl 1):89-95.

Salinas M, Blasco A, Santo-Quiles A, Lopez-Garrigos M, Flores E, Leiva-Salinas C. Laboratory parameters in patients with COVID-19 on first emergency admission is different in non-survivors: albumin and lactate dehydrogenase as risk factors. J Clin Pathol. 2021;74(10):673-5.

Samprathi M, Jayashree M. Biomarkers in COVID-19: An Up-To-Date Review. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:607647.

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9.

Li X, Xu S, Yu M, Wang K, Tao Y, Zhou Y, et al. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):110-8.

Klonoff DC, Messler JC, Umpierrez GE, Peng L, Booth R, Crowe J, et al. Association Between Achieving Inpatient Glycemic Control and Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19: A Multicenter, Retrospective Hospital-Based Analysis. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(2):578-85.

Xuan X, Gao F, Ma X, Huang C, Wang Y, Deng H, et al. Activation of ACE2/angiotensin (1-7) attenuates pancreatic beta cell dedifferentiation in a high-fat-diet mouse model. Metabolism. 2018;81:83-96.

Liu F, Long X, Zhang B, Zhang W, Chen X, Zhang Z. ACE2 Expression in Pancreas May Cause Pancreatic Damage After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(9):2128-30 e2.

Zhang Y, Li H, Zhang J, Cao Y, Zhao X, Yu N, et al. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with diabetes and secondary hyperglycaemia with coronavirus disease 2019: A single-centre, retrospective, observational study in Wuhan. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(8):1443-54.

Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X, Qin JJ, Zhang XJ, Cai J, et al. Association of Blood Glucose Control and Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 and Pre-existing Type 2 Diabetes. Cell Metab. 2020;31(6):1068-77.e3.

Abu-Farha M, Thanaraj TA, Qaddoumi MG, Hashem A, Abubaker J, Al-Mulla F. The Role of Lipid Metabolism in COVID-19 Virus Infection and as a Drug Target. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(1-11).

Mahat RK, Rathore V, Singh N, Singh N, Singh SK, Shah RK, et al. Lipid profile as an indicator of COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;45:91-101.

Atmosudigdo IS, Pranata R, Lim MA, Henrina J, Yonas E, Vania R, et al. Dyslipidemia Increases the Risk of Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-regression. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2021.

Hu X, Chen D, Wu L, He G, Ye W. Declined serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;510:105-10.

Tanaka S, De Tymowski C, Assadi M, Zappella N, Jean-Baptiste S, Robert T, et al. Lipoprotein concentrations over time in the intensive care unit COVID-19 patients: Results from the ApoCOVID study. PLoS One. 2020;15(9):e0239573.

Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y, Qi X, Jiang F, Jiang Z, et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145(1-10).

Liguoro I, Pilotto C, Bonanni M, Ferrari ME, Pusiol A, Nocerino A, et al. SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr. 2020;179(7):1029-46.

Levin M. Childhood Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome - A New Challenge in the Pandemic. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(4):393-5.

Shekerdemian LS, Mahmood NR, Wolfe KK, Riggs BJ, Ross CE, McKiernan CA, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):868-73.

Jia HP, Look DC, Shi L, Hickey M, Pewe L, Netland J, et al. ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia. J Virol. 2005;79(23):14614-21.

Carsetti R, Quintarelli C, Quinti I, Piano Mortari E, Zumla A, Ippolito G, et al. The immune system of children: the key to understanding SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility? Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(6):414-6.

Saule P, Trauet J, Dutriez V, Lekeux V, Dessaint JP, Labalette M. Accumulation of memory T cells from childhood to old age: central and effector memory cells in CD4(+) versus effector memory and terminally differentiated memory cells in CD8(+) compartment. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006;127(3):274-81.

Mansourian M, Ghandi Y, Habibi D, Mehrabi S. COVID-19 infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and laboratory findings. Arch Pediatr. 2021;28(3):242-8.

Radia T, Williams N, Agrawal P, Harman K, Weale J, Cook J, et al. Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children & adolescents (MIS-C): A systematic review of clinical features and presentation. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2021;38:51-7.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health Alert Network (HAN) [cited 2021 Dec 25]. Available from: https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00432.asp.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents with COVID-19: Scientific Brief [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2021 Dec 28]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/multisystem-inflammatory-syndrome-in-children-and-adolescents-with-covid-19.

Payne AB, Gilani Z, Godfred-Cato S, Belay ED, Feldstein LR, Patel MM, et al. Incidence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Among US Persons Infected With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2116420.

McMurray JC, May JW, Cunningham MW, Jones OY. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), a Post-viral Myocarditis and Systemic Vasculitis-A Critical Review of Its Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:626182.

Nakra NA, Blumberg DA, Herrera-Guerra A, Lakshminrusimha S. Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Review of Clinical Presentation, Hypothetical Pathogenesis, and Proposed Management. Children (Basel). 2020;7(1-14).

Valverde I, Singh Y, Sanchez-de-Toledo J, Theocharis P, Chikermane A, Di Filippo S, et al. Acute Cardiovascular Manifestations in 286 Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 Infection in Europe. Circulation. 2021;143(1):21-32.

Alsaied T, Tremoulet AH, Burns JC, Saidi A, Dionne A, Lang SM, et al. Review of Cardiac Involvement in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Circulation. 2021;143(1):78-88.

Vella LA, Giles JR, Baxter AE, Oldridge DA, Diorio C, Kuri-Cervantes L, et al. Deep immune profiling of MIS-C demonstrates marked but transient immune activation compared to adult and pediatric COVID-19. Sci Immunol. 2021;6(1-18).

Sharma C, Ganigara M, Galeotti C, Burns J, Berganza FM, Hayes DA, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and Kawasaki disease: a critical comparison. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17(12):731-48.

Moreno-Perez O, Merino E, Leon-Ramirez JM, Andres M, Ramos JM, Arenas-Jimenez J, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: A Mediterranean cohort study. J Infect. 2021;82(3):378-83.

Seessle J, Waterboer T, Hippchen T, Simon J, Kirchner M, Lim A, et al. Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;74(7):1191-98.

Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, Graham MS, Penfold RS, Bowyer RC, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):626-31.

Objavljeno
2022/04/28
Broj časopisa
Vol. 72 Br. Notebook 2 (2022): Arhiv za farmaciju
Rubrika
Pregledni (Revijalni) rad
Autori koji objavljuju u ovom časopisu pristaju na sledeće uslove:

  1. Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.

  2. Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.

  3. Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).