Razumevanje šizofrenije kroz životinjske modele: uloga stresora životne sredine
Sažetak
Šizofrenija i drugi psihotični poremećaji predstavljaju značajan klinički izazov, pri čemu i genetski faktori i faktori sredine doprinose njihovom nastanku. Životinjski modeli su ključni alati za razumevanje kompleksnih neurobioloških mehanizama koji leže u osnovi psihoza, kao i za razvoj novih terapeutskih pristupa. Ovaj revijalni rad se fokusira na najčešće korišćene životinjske modele u istraživanjima šizofrenije, naročito one zasnovane na prenatalnim i postnatalnim faktorima rizika. Prenatalna izloženost infekcijama, kao što su bakterijski lipopolisaharidi (LPS) i virusna komponenta poly I:C, aktivira imuni odgovor koji dovodi do dugotrajnih strukturnih i funkcionalnih promena u mozgu, uključujući atrofiju hipokampusa i stanjivanje korteksa. Postnatalni faktori, uključujući stres u ranom dobu, socijalnu izolaciju i upotrebu droga, naročito kanabisa, takođe se modeliraju kako bi se proučavao njihov uticaj na razvoj mozga i nastanak psihoza. Ovi modeli omogućavaju kontrolisanu manipulaciju varijablama, pružajući uvide u patofiziologiju bolesti. Međutim, varijabilnost u eksperimentalnim protokolima i nedostatak učešća ženskog pola u mnogim studijama ukazuju na potrebu za robusnijim i inkluzivnijim životinjskim modelima. Na kraju, ovi modeli su ključni za unapređenje našeg razumevanja šizofrenije i testiranje potencijalnih terapeutskih intervencija.
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