A STUDY ON NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG THE ADULT GAROS’ OF WEST GARO HILLS, NORTH-EAST INDIA (MEGHALAYA)
Sažetak
Health Status is the basic indicator of human wellbeing and nutritional status. Deficiencies or imbalance in nutrient intake leads to malnutrition which is associated with a number of short- and long-term health consequences that alleviate the ability of an individual to sustain economically productive work and ultimately hinder the development of the whole nation. Thus, study on nutritional status requires urgent attention in order to prevent malnutrition related complications. In this background, the present study examines nutritional status of the Garos of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya. To achieve this purpose, cross-sectional study was conducted among 43 females and 57 males of ‘Garos’ from Asananggre village, West Garo Hills, North-east India (Meghalaya). The study divulge taller and heavier males compared to females. Body Mass Index status of male and female did not differ significantly (p<0.05). Majority of females belong to normal (52.6%) followed by overweight category(35.1%) while males were more incline to overweight category (48.8%). According to MUAC, the nutritional status of both the males and females are normal. Significant (p<0.05) difference was seen between males and females in terms of Hemoglobin level where, majority were mild anemic or normal.1.8% females were found to be severely anemic. From the study it can be envisaged that most adult males and females are well-nourished and only few females were severely anemic i.e., undernourished.
Reference
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Allen, L.H., Lungaho, M.S., Shaheen, M., Harrison, G.G., Neumann, C., & Kirksey, A. (1994). Maternal body mass index and pregnancy outcome in the nutrition collaborative research support program. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48, S68–76.
Amuna, P., & Zotor, F.B. (2008). Epidemiological and nutrition transition in developing countries: Impact on human health and development. Proceedings of Nutrition Society, 67, 82–90.
Azad, K.L., & Dwivedi, S.K. (2017). A study of profile of patients with different degrees of anaemia. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(9), 4008-4012.
Bentley, M.E., & Griffiths, P.L. (2003). The burden of anaemia among women in India. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, 52-60.
Bharati, S., Pal, M., Bhattacharya, B.N., & Bharati, P. (2007). Prevalence and causes of chronic energy deficiency and obesity in Indian women. Human Biology, 79, 395–412.
Bhattacharya, A., Pal, B., Mukherjee, S., & Roy, S.K. (2019). Assessment of nutritional status using anthropometric variables by multivariate analysis. BMC Public Health, 19(1045), 1-9.
Bhattacharya, P., Chatterjee, D., Sarkar, P., Ghosh, K., & Bandyopadhyay, A.R. (2019). Association of fat patterning, type 2 diabetes mellitus and MTHFR gene polymorphism: a study among the two ethnic groups of Tripura, North-East India. European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 17(3), 209– 213.
Chyne, D.A.L., Meshram, I.I., Rajendran, A., Kodali, V., Getti, N., Roy, P., Kuhnlein, H.V., & Longvah, T. (2017). Nutritional status, food insecurity, and biodiversity among the Khasi in Meghalaya, North-East India. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 13(3), e12557.
Dasgupta, P., Saha, R., & Nube, M. (2008). Changes in body size, shape and nutritional status of middle-class Bengali boys of Kolkata, India, 1982-2002. Economics and Human Biology, 6, 75–94.
Emiroglu, C., Gorpelioglu, S., & Aypak, C. (2019). The Relationship between Nutritional Status, Anemia and other Vitamin Deficiencies in the elderly Perceiving home care. The Journal of Health, Nutrition and Aging, 23(7), 677-682.
Ghose, B., Tang, S., Yaya, S., & Feng, Z. (2016). Association between food insecurity and anaemia among women of reproductive age. Peer J, 4, e1945, 1-12.
Ghosh, K., Sarkar, P., Chatterjee, D., & Bandyopadhyay, A.R. (2018). Association of fat patterning, hypertension and ACE (I/D) gene polymorphism: a study on two Tibeto Burman linguistic group of Tripura, North East India. MOJ Anatomy & Physiology, 5(6), 368‒371.
Gopalan, C. (1992). Nutrition challenge for Asia. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science, 16(1), 51-84.
Hoet, J.J. (1997). The role of fetal and infant growth and nutrition in the causality of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in later life. SCN News, 14, 10–3.
Jumrakh, M., Lubis, I.Z., & Aziz, N. (2001). Nutritional status and hemoglobin level in elementary schoolchildren. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 41, 296-298.
Kanjilal, B., Mazumdar, P.G., Mukherjee, M., & Rahman, M.H. (2010). Nutritional status of children in India: household socio-economic condition as the contextual determinant. International Journal for Equity in Health, 9(19), 1-13.
Kuruvilla, S., Bustreo, F., Kuo, T., Mishra, C.K., Taylor, K., Fogstad, H., Gupta, G.R., Gilmore, K., Temmerman, M., Thomas, J., Rasanathan, K., Chaiban, T., Mohan, A., Gruending, A., Schweitzer, J., Dini, H.S., Borrazzo, J., Fassil, H., Gronseth, L., Khosla, R., Cheeseman, R., Gorna, R., McDougall, L., Toure, K., Rogers, K., Dodson, K., Sharma, A., Seoane, M., & Costello, A. (2016). The global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016-2030): a roadmap based on evidence and country experience. Bull World Health Organ, 94, 398–400.
Little, M., Humphries, S., Patel, K., & Dewey, C. (2016). Socio-Economic and Demographic Correlates of Overweight and Obesity: A Study on the Karbi Women of Assam, Northeast India. Anthropology Open Journal, 2(2), 31-39.
Maleta, K. (2006). Undernutrition. Malawi Medical Journal, 18, 189–205.
Martins, V.J.B., Florencio, T.M.M.T., Grillo, L.P., Carmo, Franco, M.C.P., Martins, P.A., Clemente, A.P.G., Santos, C.D.L., Vieira, M.F.A., & Sawaya, A.L. (2011). Long-lasting effects of undernutrition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 1817–46.
McLean, E., Egli, I., Cogswell, M., Benoist, B., & Wojdyla, D. (2007). Worldwide prevalence of anemia in preschool age children and pregnant women and non-pregnant women of reproductive age. In Te guide book : Nutritional Anemia. Basel, J.B., Zimmermann, M.B., & Kraemer, K. Eds., pp. 11-12. Switzerland: Sight and Life Press.
Meitei, W.B. (2020). Nutritional Status of Under-five Children in Northeast India: Effect of Household Socioeconomic Status. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11(7), 1003-1008.
Mondini, L., Rodrigues, D.A., Gimeno, S.G.A., & Baruzzi, R.G. (2009). Anemia and hemoglobin levels among Indigenous Xavante children, Central Brazil. Rev Bras Epidemiol, 12(3), 1-8.
Monsang, E.S., & Singh, N. (2018). Prevalence of Anaemia and Nutritional Knowledge among Tribal Women of Reproductive Age Group of Meghalaya, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(10), 1221-1229.
Muller, O., & Krawinkel, M. (2005). Malnutrition and health in developing countries. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 173(3), 279–286.
Mungreiphy, N.K., & Kapoor, S. (2008). Overweight, Obesity and Socio- economic change among Tankhul Naga tribal women of Manipur, North East India. Nature Proceedings, doi.org/10.1038/npre.2008.1947.1
Muslim, A., Lim, Y.A., Sofian, S.M., Shaari, S.A., & Zain, Z.M. (2021). Nutritional status, hemoglobin level and their associations with soil transmitted helminth infections between Negritos (indigenous) from the inland jungle village and resettlement at town peripheries. Plos one 16(1), e0245377
Nemer, L., Gelband, H., Jha, P., & Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. (2001). The evidence base for interventions to reduce malnutrition in children under five and school-age children in low- and middle-income countries. CMH working paper no WG5:11. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Nongrum, M.S., Pawera, L., & Mawroh,B. (2021). Dietary diversity and its determinants among Khasi and Garo indigenous women (15 to 49 years) in Meghalaya, northeast India. Nutrition and Health, doi: 10.1177/02601060211016629
Nowak-Szczepanska, N., Gomula, A., & Koziel, S. (2019). Mid-upper arm circumference and body mass index as diferent screening tools of nutritional and weight status in Polish schoolchildren across socio-political changes. Scientific reports, 9, 12399.
Odonkor, S.T., Kitcher, J., Okyere, M., & Mahami, T. (2019). Self assessment of Hygiene practices towards predictive medicine intervention: A case study of University students in Ghana. BioMed Research International, doi:10.155/2019/3868537
Padma, A.S., Sukumaran, M.K., Padma, S., Rajani, D., & Vanitha, S. (2016). Evaluation of Nutritional Status of College Girl Students in terms of Haemoglobin levels and BMI. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 4(9), 12822-12827.
Paruchuri, A., Vini, P., Ahmad, A., Manna, P.K., Kumaran, S., & Mohanta, G.P. (2012). Malnutrition in India: A Major Problem with Minor Attention. IJPI’s Journal of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, 2(9), 27-35.
Rao, G.R., Ladusingh, L., & Pritamjit, R. (2005). Nutritional status of children in north-east India. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 19(3), 39 – 56.
Rengma, M.S., Sen, J., & Mondal, N. (2015). Socio – Economic, demographic and lifestyle determinants of overweight and obesity among adults of Northeast India. Ethiopian Journal of Health Science, 25(3), 199-208.
Rotimi, C., Okosun, I., Johnson, L., Owoaje, E., Lawoyin, T., Asuzu, M., Kaufman, J., Adeyemo, A., & Cooper, R. (1999). The distribution and mortality impact of chronic energy deficiency among adult Nigerian men and women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, 734–9.
Roy, P.P., & Gunturu, V.V. (2017). Association of anaemia with BMI in Medical students: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 16(8), 32-35.
Roy, S.K. (2002). Factors affecting the work productivity of Oraon agricultural laborers of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 117, 228–35.
Sikdar, M. (2008). Influence of socioeconomic transition on genetic structure: A case study in Upper Assam, India. Annals of Human Biology, 35, 112–20.
Sikdar, M. (2012). Socioeconomic covariates and their impact on the opportunity for natural selection in a riparian tribe of Northeast India. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 69, 273–87.
Singh, N., Nagar, S., & Takhellambam, R.D. (2019). Nutritional Status of Tribal Primary School Children in Meghalaya. International Journal Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(7), 668-681.
Stewart, W.F., Ricci, J.A., Chee, E., & Morganstein, D. (2003). Lost productive work time costs from health conditions in the United States: Results from the American productivity audit Health and Lost Productive Time in the US Workforce. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1234–46.
Swain, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2018). Trends of nutritional status among rural adults in six states of India: findings from national survey data. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 6, 181–187.
Thakur, N., Chandra, J., Pemde, H., & Singh, V. (2014). Anemia in severe acute malnutrition. Nutrition. 30(4), 440-2.
Weiner, J.S., Lourie, J.A., (1981). Practical Human Biology. New York: Academic Press.
World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India; World Bank Report. 2011. [cited 2021 june]. Available in: http://www.worldbank.org/WBSITE/COUNTRIESSOUTH/ASIAEXT/
Yu, S., Xing, L., Du, Z., Tian, Y., Jing, L., Yan, H., Lin, M., Zhang, B., Liu, S., Pan, Y., Li, C. (2019). Prevalence of Obesity and Associated Risk Factors and Cardio metabolic Comorbidities in Rural Northeast China. BioMed Research International, doi:10.1155?2019?6509083
Allen, L.H., Lungaho, M.S., Shaheen, M., Harrison, G.G., Neumann, C., & Kirksey, A. (1994). Maternal body mass index and pregnancy outcome in the nutrition collaborative research support program. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48, S68–76.
Amuna, P., & Zotor, F.B. (2008). Epidemiological and nutrition transition in developing countries: Impact on human health and development. Proceedings of Nutrition Society, 67, 82–90.
Azad, K.L., & Dwivedi, S.K. (2017). A study of profile of patients with different degrees of anaemia. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 5(9), 4008-4012.
Bentley, M.E., & Griffiths, P.L. (2003). The burden of anaemia among women in India. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57, 52-60.
Bharati, S., Pal, M., Bhattacharya, B.N., & Bharati, P. (2007). Prevalence and causes of chronic energy deficiency and obesity in Indian women. Human Biology, 79, 395–412.
Bhattacharya, A., Pal, B., Mukherjee, S., & Roy, S.K. (2019). Assessment of nutritional status using anthropometric variables by multivariate analysis. BMC Public Health, 19(1045), 1-9.
Bhattacharya, P., Chatterjee, D., Sarkar, P., Ghosh, K., & Bandyopadhyay, A.R. (2019). Association of fat patterning, type 2 diabetes mellitus and MTHFR gene polymorphism: a study among the two ethnic groups of Tripura, North-East India. European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 17(3), 209– 213.
Chyne, D.A.L., Meshram, I.I., Rajendran, A., Kodali, V., Getti, N., Roy, P., Kuhnlein, H.V., & Longvah, T. (2017). Nutritional status, food insecurity, and biodiversity among the Khasi in Meghalaya, North-East India. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 13(3), e12557.
Dasgupta, P., Saha, R., & Nube, M. (2008). Changes in body size, shape and nutritional status of middle-class Bengali boys of Kolkata, India, 1982-2002. Economics and Human Biology, 6, 75–94.
Emiroglu, C., Gorpelioglu, S., & Aypak, C. (2019). The Relationship between Nutritional Status, Anemia and other Vitamin Deficiencies in the elderly Perceiving home care. The Journal of Health, Nutrition and Aging, 23(7), 677-682.
Ghose, B., Tang, S., Yaya, S., & Feng, Z. (2016). Association between food insecurity and anaemia among women of reproductive age. Peer J, 4, e1945, 1-12.
Ghosh, K., Sarkar, P., Chatterjee, D., & Bandyopadhyay, A.R. (2018). Association of fat patterning, hypertension and ACE (I/D) gene polymorphism: a study on two Tibeto Burman linguistic group of Tripura, North East India. MOJ Anatomy & Physiology, 5(6), 368‒371.
Gopalan, C. (1992). Nutrition challenge for Asia. Progress in Food and Nutrition Science, 16(1), 51-84.
Hoet, J.J. (1997). The role of fetal and infant growth and nutrition in the causality of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in later life. SCN News, 14, 10–3.
Jumrakh, M., Lubis, I.Z., & Aziz, N. (2001). Nutritional status and hemoglobin level in elementary schoolchildren. Paediatrica Indonesiana, 41, 296-298.
Kanjilal, B., Mazumdar, P.G., Mukherjee, M., & Rahman, M.H. (2010). Nutritional status of children in India: household socio-economic condition as the contextual determinant. International Journal for Equity in Health, 9(19), 1-13.
Kuruvilla, S., Bustreo, F., Kuo, T., Mishra, C.K., Taylor, K., Fogstad, H., Gupta, G.R., Gilmore, K., Temmerman, M., Thomas, J., Rasanathan, K., Chaiban, T., Mohan, A., Gruending, A., Schweitzer, J., Dini, H.S., Borrazzo, J., Fassil, H., Gronseth, L., Khosla, R., Cheeseman, R., Gorna, R., McDougall, L., Toure, K., Rogers, K., Dodson, K., Sharma, A., Seoane, M., & Costello, A. (2016). The global strategy for women's, children's and adolescents' health (2016-2030): a roadmap based on evidence and country experience. Bull World Health Organ, 94, 398–400.
Little, M., Humphries, S., Patel, K., & Dewey, C. (2016). Socio-Economic and Demographic Correlates of Overweight and Obesity: A Study on the Karbi Women of Assam, Northeast India. Anthropology Open Journal, 2(2), 31-39.
Maleta, K. (2006). Undernutrition. Malawi Medical Journal, 18, 189–205.
Martins, V.J.B., Florencio, T.M.M.T., Grillo, L.P., Carmo, Franco, M.C.P., Martins, P.A., Clemente, A.P.G., Santos, C.D.L., Vieira, M.F.A., & Sawaya, A.L. (2011). Long-lasting effects of undernutrition. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 1817–46.
McLean, E., Egli, I., Cogswell, M., Benoist, B., & Wojdyla, D. (2007). Worldwide prevalence of anemia in preschool age children and pregnant women and non-pregnant women of reproductive age. In Te guide book : Nutritional Anemia. Basel, J.B., Zimmermann, M.B., & Kraemer, K. Eds., pp. 11-12. Switzerland: Sight and Life Press.
Meitei, W.B. (2020). Nutritional Status of Under-five Children in Northeast India: Effect of Household Socioeconomic Status. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11(7), 1003-1008.
Mondini, L., Rodrigues, D.A., Gimeno, S.G.A., & Baruzzi, R.G. (2009). Anemia and hemoglobin levels among Indigenous Xavante children, Central Brazil. Rev Bras Epidemiol, 12(3), 1-8.
Monsang, E.S., & Singh, N. (2018). Prevalence of Anaemia and Nutritional Knowledge among Tribal Women of Reproductive Age Group of Meghalaya, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(10), 1221-1229.
Muller, O., & Krawinkel, M. (2005). Malnutrition and health in developing countries. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 173(3), 279–286.
Mungreiphy, N.K., & Kapoor, S. (2008). Overweight, Obesity and Socio- economic change among Tankhul Naga tribal women of Manipur, North East India. Nature Proceedings, doi.org/10.1038/npre.2008.1947.1
Muslim, A., Lim, Y.A., Sofian, S.M., Shaari, S.A., & Zain, Z.M. (2021). Nutritional status, hemoglobin level and their associations with soil transmitted helminth infections between Negritos (indigenous) from the inland jungle village and resettlement at town peripheries. Plos one 16(1), e0245377
Nemer, L., Gelband, H., Jha, P., & Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. (2001). The evidence base for interventions to reduce malnutrition in children under five and school-age children in low- and middle-income countries. CMH working paper no WG5:11. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Nongrum, M.S., Pawera, L., & Mawroh,B. (2021). Dietary diversity and its determinants among Khasi and Garo indigenous women (15 to 49 years) in Meghalaya, northeast India. Nutrition and Health, doi: 10.1177/02601060211016629
Nowak-Szczepanska, N., Gomula, A., & Koziel, S. (2019). Mid-upper arm circumference and body mass index as diferent screening tools of nutritional and weight status in Polish schoolchildren across socio-political changes. Scientific reports, 9, 12399.
Odonkor, S.T., Kitcher, J., Okyere, M., & Mahami, T. (2019). Self assessment of Hygiene practices towards predictive medicine intervention: A case study of University students in Ghana. BioMed Research International, doi:10.155/2019/3868537
Padma, A.S., Sukumaran, M.K., Padma, S., Rajani, D., & Vanitha, S. (2016). Evaluation of Nutritional Status of College Girl Students in terms of Haemoglobin levels and BMI. Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Research, 4(9), 12822-12827.
Paruchuri, A., Vini, P., Ahmad, A., Manna, P.K., Kumaran, S., & Mohanta, G.P. (2012). Malnutrition in India: A Major Problem with Minor Attention. IJPI’s Journal of Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy, 2(9), 27-35.
Rao, G.R., Ladusingh, L., & Pritamjit, R. (2005). Nutritional status of children in north-east India. Asia-Pacific Population Journal, 19(3), 39 – 56.
Rengma, M.S., Sen, J., & Mondal, N. (2015). Socio – Economic, demographic and lifestyle determinants of overweight and obesity among adults of Northeast India. Ethiopian Journal of Health Science, 25(3), 199-208.
Rotimi, C., Okosun, I., Johnson, L., Owoaje, E., Lawoyin, T., Asuzu, M., Kaufman, J., Adeyemo, A., & Cooper, R. (1999). The distribution and mortality impact of chronic energy deficiency among adult Nigerian men and women. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 53, 734–9.
Roy, P.P., & Gunturu, V.V. (2017). Association of anaemia with BMI in Medical students: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 16(8), 32-35.
Roy, S.K. (2002). Factors affecting the work productivity of Oraon agricultural laborers of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 117, 228–35.
Sikdar, M. (2008). Influence of socioeconomic transition on genetic structure: A case study in Upper Assam, India. Annals of Human Biology, 35, 112–20.
Sikdar, M. (2012). Socioeconomic covariates and their impact on the opportunity for natural selection in a riparian tribe of Northeast India. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 69, 273–87.
Singh, N., Nagar, S., & Takhellambam, R.D. (2019). Nutritional Status of Tribal Primary School Children in Meghalaya. International Journal Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(7), 668-681.
Stewart, W.F., Ricci, J.A., Chee, E., & Morganstein, D. (2003). Lost productive work time costs from health conditions in the United States: Results from the American productivity audit Health and Lost Productive Time in the US Workforce. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 45, 1234–46.
Swain, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2018). Trends of nutritional status among rural adults in six states of India: findings from national survey data. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 6, 181–187.
Thakur, N., Chandra, J., Pemde, H., & Singh, V. (2014). Anemia in severe acute malnutrition. Nutrition. 30(4), 440-2.
Weiner, J.S., Lourie, J.A., (1981). Practical Human Biology. New York: Academic Press.
World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India; World Bank Report. 2011. [cited 2021 june]. Available in: http://www.worldbank.org/WBSITE/COUNTRIESSOUTH/ASIAEXT/
Yu, S., Xing, L., Du, Z., Tian, Y., Jing, L., Yan, H., Lin, M., Zhang, B., Liu, S., Pan, Y., Li, C. (2019). Prevalence of Obesity and Associated Risk Factors and Cardio metabolic Comorbidities in Rural Northeast China. BioMed Research International, doi:10.1155?2019?6509083
