Humanitarna intervencija u kontekstu zločina agresije iz člana 8bis Rimskog statuta

  • Jelena S Radmanović Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Pravni fakultet
Ključne reči: злочин агресије, Римски статут, хуманитарна интервенција, Grotian Moment, кривична одговорност, Међународни кривични суд

Sažetak


Иако не представља нови концепт у међународном праву, хуманитарна интервенција и даље изазива многе контроверзе када су у питању њена садржина и сама примењивост. Како је реч о институту најуже везаном уз ситуације употребе силе у међународним односима, потенцијална примена института хуманитарне интервенције се налази и у сфери међународног кривичног права, нарочито у погледу кривичног дела злочин агресије из члана 8bis Римског статута, којим се инкриминише употреба силе мимо оквира постављених Повељом Уједињених нација. Рад покушава да пружи одговор на питање да ли хуманитарна интервенција, уколико би била прихваћена као међународно обичајно правило, може и на који начин да утиче на примену одредаба Римског статута. Поред анализе значаја хуманитарне интервенције када је реч о утврђивању остварености елемената бића кривичног дела злочин агресије, рад ће указати на домете овог института када су у питању основи за искључење кривичне одговорности према Римском статуту, упућујући на могуће стратегије одбране у поступцима до којих би могло доћи пред Међународним кривичним судом.

Biografija autora

Jelena S Radmanović, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Pravni fakultet

Студент докторских академских студија на Правном факултету Универзитета у Новом Саду

Reference

Књиге и чланци


Ambos, K. (2010). The Crime of Aggression After Kampala. German Yearbook of International Law 53, 463-509.


Ambos, K. (2014). Treatise on International Criminal Law: Volume II The Crimes and Sentencing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Anggadi, F., French, G., Potter, J. Negotiating the Elements of the Crime of Aggression’, објављено у: Barriga, S., Kreß, C. (2012). The Travaux Préparatoires of the Crime of Aggression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Barriga, S. Against the Odds: The Results of the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression. објављено у: Bellelli, R. (2010). International Criminal Justice Law and Practice from the Rome Statute to Its Review. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.


Barriga, S. Negotiating the Amendments on the crime of aggression, објављено у: Kreß, C., Barriga, S. (2012). The Travaux Préparatoires of the Crime of Aggression. New York: Cambridge University Press.


Bassiouni, M. C. (2014). Introduction to International Criminal Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff


Broms, B. (1977). The Definition of Aggression. Recueil des Cours de l’Academie de Droit International 154, 299-399.


Brown, B. S. (2000). Humanitarian Intervention at a Crossroads. William and Mary Law Review 41 (5), 1683-1741.


Cassese, A. (2003). International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Cheng, B. (1965). United Nations Resolutions on Outer Space: "Instant" International Customary Law?. Indian Journal of International Law 3, 23-48.


Cryer, R., Friman, H., Robinson, D., Wilmshurst, E. (2010). An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure. New York: Cambridge University Press.


DeNicola, C. (2008). A Shield for the 'Knights of Humanity': The ICC Should Adopt a Humanitarian Necessity Defence to the Crime of Aggression. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 30, 641-689.


Dinstein, Y. (2001). War, aggression and self-defence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Dinstein, Y. (2005). War, Aggression and Self-Defence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Eser, A. Article 31 Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility, објављено у: eds. Triffterer O., Ambos K. (2016). The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Baden: Beck/Hart, 1125-1160.


Gassama, I. (2004). International Law at a Grotian Moment: The Invasion of Iraq in Context. Emory International Law Review 18 (1), 1-52.


Goodman, R. (2006). Humanitarian Intervention and Pretexts for War. The American Journal of International Law 100 (1), 107-141.


Greenspan, M. (1959). The Modern Law of Land Warfare. Berkeley: University of California Press.


Greenwood, C. (2002). The Case of Kosovo. Finnish yearbook of international law 10, 141-175.


Heinsch, R. (2010). The Crime of Aggression after Kampala: Success or Burden for the Future. Goettingen Journal of International Law 2, 713-743.


Holbert, H., Roland, A. (1971). Primitive war: its practices and concepts. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.


Jessberger, F., Werle, G. (2014). Principles of International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.


Kemp, G. (2010). Individual criminal liability for the international crime of aggression. Oxford: Intersentia.


Klamberg, M. (2017). Commentary on the Law of the International Criminal Court. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic Epublisher.


Kreß, C. (2010). Time for Decision: Some Thoughts on the Immediate Future of the Crime of Aggression: A Reply to Andreas Paulus. European Journal of International Law 20 (4), 1129-1146.


Kreß, C. The State Conduct Element, објављено у: Kreß, C., Barriga, S. (2017). The Crime of Aggression: A Commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Kritsiotis, D. (1998). Reappraising Policy Objections to Humanitarian Intervention. Michigan Journal of International Law 19 (4), 1005-1050.


Kudryavtsev, V.N., Luneev, V., Naumov, A.V., (2012). Ugolovnoe pravo Rossii: Osobennaya chast. Moscow: Feniks.


Leclerc-Gange, E., Byers, M. (2009). A Question of Intent: The Crime of Aggression and Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 41, 379-390.


Martinez, J. S. (2003). Towards an International Judicial System. Stanford Law Review 56 (2), 429-529.


McDougall, C., (2013). The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Murphy, S. D. (2006). Principles of international law. Toronto: Thomson & West.


O’Connell, M.E., Niyazmatov, M. (2012). What is Aggression? Comparing the Jus ad Bellum and the ICC Statute. Journal of International Criminal Justice 10, 189-207.


Paulus, A. (2010). Second Thoughts on the Crime of Aggression. European Journal of International Law 20 (4), 1117-1128.


Radzinowicz, L. (1969). Ideology and crime. London: Columbia University Press.


Raimondo, F. (2008). General Principles of Law in the Decisions of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.


Reisman, M., McDougal, M. Humanitarian Intervention, објављено у: Lillich, B. (1973). Humanitarian intervention and the United Nations. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.


Ristivojević, B. (2010). „Opšti elemenat“ zločina protiv čovečnosti. Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu 44 (2), 229-251.


Roberts, A. E. (2001). Traditional and Modern Approaches to Customary International Law: A Reconciliation. American Journal of International Law 95, 757-791.


Root, J. L. (2013). First Do No Harm: Interpreting the Crime of Aggression to Exclude Humanitarian Intervention. University of Baltimore Journal of International Law 2, 63-99.


Ruys, T. (2010). “Armed attack” and Article 51 of the UN Charter: customary law and practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.


Sadat, L. N. (2007). Extraordinary Rendition, Torture, and Other Nightmares from the War on Terror. George Washington University Law Review 75, 1200-1248.


Sayapin, S. (2014). The crime of aggression in international criminal law: historical development, comparative analysis and present state. The Hague: Asser Press.


Schachter, O. (1984). The Right of States to Use Armed Force. Michigan Law Review 82 (5-6), 1620-1646.


Scharf, M. P. (2010). Seizing the Grotian Moment: Accelerated Formation of Customary International Law in Times of Fundamental Change. Cornell International Law Journal 43 (3), 439-469.


Scharf, M. P. (2013). Customary International Law in Times of Fundamental Change: Recognizing Grotian Moments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Scharf, M. P. (2018). Striking a Grotian Moment: How the Syria Airstrikes Changed International Law Relating to Humanitarian Interventions. Chicago Journal of International Law 19 (2), 1-29.


Scharf, M. P., Sterio, M., Williams, P. R. (2020). The Syrian Conflict's Impact on International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Schüller, A. (2008). 'Gravity' Under The Rome Statute: Procedural Filter or Instrument of Shaping Criminal Policy?. Humanitäres Völkerrecht Informationsschriften 21(2), 73-81.


Stahn, C. (2019). A Critical Introduction to Internatonal Criminal Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Sterio, M. (2009). The Kosovar Declaration of Independence: 'Botching the Balkans' or Respecting International Law?. Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 37, 267-304.


Sterio, M. (2011). A Grotian Moment: Changes in the Legal Theory of Statehood. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy 39 (2), 209-237.


Stojanović, Z. (2012). Međunarodno krivično pravo. Beograd: Pravna knjiga.


Van Schaack, B. (2011). The Crime of Aggression and Humanitarian Intervention on Behalf of Women. International Criminal Law Review 11, 477-493.


Zimmermann A., Freiburg E., Article 8bis Crime of Aggression, објављено у: Triffterer O., Ambos K. (2016). The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Baden: Beck/Hart.


 


Правни акти


United Nations General Assembly, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Rome, 1998.


United Nations, Charter of the United Nations, San Francisco, 1945.


Review Conference, Resolution RC/Res.6, Kampala, 2010.


European Advisory Commission, The Charter of the International Military Tribunal - Annex to the Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis, London, 1945.


Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, International Military Tribunal for the Far East Charter, Tokyo, 1946.


International Criminal Court, Elements of Crimes, New York, Kampala, 2011, ISBN No. 92-9227-232-2, доступно на: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4ff5dd7d2.html.


UN General Assembly, Definition of Aggression, A/RES/3314, 1974, доступно на: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f1c57c.html.


United Nations, Statute of the International Court of Justice, San Francisco, 1945.


Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction, Paris, 1993.


United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna, 1969.


Закон о потврђивању Римског статута Међународног кривичног суда („Сл. лист СРЈ - Међународни уговори“, бр. 5/2001).


 


Судска пракса


Military Tribunal, The Ministries Case, Case No. 11, United States v. Weizsaecker et al., Opinion and Judgment and Sentence, Green Series, Vol. 14 at 308, Mil. Trib. No. 4, 13 April 1949.


International Court of Justice, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (Federal Republic of Germany v. Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany v. Netherlands), I.C.J. Reports 1969, p.3, 20 February 1969, доступно на: https://www.refworld.org/cases,ICJ,50645e9d2.html.


ICTY, Prosecutor v. Kordić and Čerkez, Judgement, Trial Chamber, IT-95-14/2-T, 26 February 2001.


 


Остали документи


Discussion paper 1 The Crime of Aggression and Article 25, paragraph 3, of the Statute, ICC-ASP/4/32.


International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, Report: The Responsibility To Protect, Ottawa, December 2001.


Office of the Prosecutor, Policy paper on preliminary examinations, The Hague, 2013.


UN General Assembly, Letter dated 26 March 1999 from the Permanent Representative of Mexico to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General on behalf of the Rio Group, A/53/884, 26 March 1999.


UN General Assembly, Letter dated 5 May 2000 from the Permanent representative of Nigeria addressed to the United Nation addressed to the President of General Assembly on behalf of the Group of 77, UN Doc A/55/74, 12 May 2000.


UN General Assembly, Question considered by the Security Council at its 1606th, 1607th and 1608th meetings, A/RES/2793(XXVI), 7 December 1971, доступно на: http://www.worldlii.org/int/other/UNGA/1971/43.pdf.


UN SCOR, 73d Sess., 8233d mtg., Provisional Verbatim Record of the Security Council, Threats to International Peace and Security: The Situation in the Middle East, U.N. Doc. S/PV.8233, 14 April 2018.


UN Security Council, Belarus, India and Russian Federation: draft resolution, S/1999/328, 26. March 1999.


UN Security Council, Letter dated 9 April (S/1999/451) from the representative of South Africa addressed to the President of the Security Council, transmitting a statement issued on 9 April 1999 on behalf of the Movement on Non-Aligned Countries, S/1999/451, 21 April 1999.

Objavljeno
2022/08/31
Rubrika
Originalni naučni rad