Odgovorno upravljanje vodama
Sažetak
Predmet ovog rada je međunarodni pravni i politički okvir prava na vodu i relevantna regulativa u Republici Srbiji, a fokus je na odgovornosti države za upravljanje vodama u skladu sa ostvarivanjem opšteg dobra. Polazište rada je stav da je pristup vodi ljudsko pravo, te da vodama može da upravlja jedino država i isključivo u opštem interesu.
Prvi odeljak razmatra rizike marketizacije, privatizacije i komodifikacije voda po ostvarenje prava na vodu i zaštitu ovog vitalnog prirodnog i strateškog bogatstva. U drugom delu se sumiraju aktivnosti Ujedinjenih nacija vezanih za priznavanje prava na vodu kao osnovnog ljudskog prava i obaveze država u ovoj oblasti. U trećem odeljku se normativni i strateški okvir Republike Srbije u ovoj oblasti analizira iz perspektive prava na vodu i odgovornog upravljanja države. Ukazuje se na nedostatke u pogledu usaglađenosti sa međunarodnim standardima ljudskih prava i rizike koje sadašnja regulativa može da proizvede na stanovništvo, vodne resurse i državu. Nisu predviđeni efikasni instrumenti za zaštitu voda od zagađivanja, kao i od njene komodifikacije i marketizacije, a privatizacija voda i javnih preduzeća u ovoj oblasti ugrožava suverenost države nad svojim prirodnim bogatstvima. Cilj rada je da ukaže na značaj uspostavljanja nacionalne regulative koja će obezbediti suvereno i odgovorno upravljanje nad vodnim resursima i zaštitu prava na vodu.
Reference
Ascher, W. (2000). “Understanding Why Governments in Developing Countries Waste Natural Resources.” Environment 42 (2): 8. doi:10.1080/00139150009604864.
Bakker, K. (2014). "The business of water: Market environmentalism in the water sector." Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 39, 469-494.
Barlow, M. (2002). "Commodification of water-the wrong prescription." Water Science and Technology 43(4), 79-84.
Barlow, M., and Clarke, T (2002). "Who owns water?" The Nation, 2(9), 11-14.
Bieler, A. and Jordan, J. (2018). "Commodification and ‘the commons’: The politics of privatising public water in Greece and Portugal during the Eurozone crisis." European Journal of International Relations, 24(4), 934-957.
Bognanović, S. i Jovović, A. (2013). „Ljudsko pravo na vodu i sanitaciju“. Pravo – teorija i praksa, 1-3, 14-27.
Bond, P. (2004). "Water commodification and decommodification narratives: pricing and policy debates from Johannesburg to Kyoto to Cancun and back." Capitalism Nature Socialism, 15(1), 7-25.
Bond, P. (2008). "Macrodynamics of globalisation, uneven urban development and the commodification of water." Law, Social Justice and Global Development Journal, 1-14.
Bond, P. (2008). “Macrodynamics of Globalisation, Uneven Urban Development and the Commodification of Water”. Law, Social Justice & Global Development Journal, 1-14.
Bond, P. (2010). "Water, health, and the commodification debate." Review of Radical Political Economics 42.4, 445-464.
Brisman, A. et al. (2020). "The politics of water rights: Scarcity, sovereignty and security." Water, Governance, and Crime Issues. Springer, Cham, 17-29.
Chipman, K. (2020). „California Water Futures Begin Trading Amid Fear of Scarcity“. Bloomberg, December 6. Preuzeto 01.11.2021. sa https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-06/water-futures-to-start-trading-amid-growing-fears-of-scarcity.
Чађо, С. et al. (2021). Статус површинских вода Србије – период 2017-2019. Београд: Агенција за заштиту животне средине, Министарство заштите животне средине Републике Србије. Preuzeto 10.09.2022. sa http://www.sepa.gov.rs/download/VodeSrbije/StatusPovrsinskihVoda2017_2019.pdf
European Citizen’s Initiative. “Water and sanitation are a human right! Water is a public good, not a commodity!” Preuzeto 10.10.2021. sa https://europa.eu/citizens-initiative/water-and-sanitation-are-human-right-water-public-good-not-commodity_en
Fiechter-Widemann, E. (2017). The Human Right to Water: Justice... Or Sham? : The Legal, Philosophical, and Theological Background of the New Human Right to Water. Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications.
Gaffney, M. (2016). “Nature, Economy, and Equity: Sacred Water, Profane Markets.” American Journal of Economics & Sociology, 75 (5), 1064–1231. doi:10.1111/ajes.12169.
Gleick, P. H., Wolf, G., Chalecki, E.L. and Reyes, R. (2002). New Economy of Water - The Risks and Benefits of Globalization and Privatization of Fresh Water. Oakland: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security.
Gudelj, I, Runko Luttenberber, L. i Senta Marić, A. (2015). “Posljedice kojima rezultira privatizacija vodno-komunalrnih usluga”, 6. Hrvatska konferencija o vodama s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem, Hrvatske vode na investicijskom valu. Preuzeto 10.10.2021. sa https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279528754_Consequences_resulting_from_privatization_of_water-utility_services_Posljedice_kojima_rezultira_privatizacija_vodno-komunalnih_usluga.
Hermann, Ch. (2014). “Komodifikacija: posljedice i alternative – Pouke iz privatizacije javnih službi u Evropi”. Pravo na grad. Preuzeto 15.10.2021. sa http://pravonagrad.org/komodifikacija-posljedice-i-alternative.
Jaffee, D. (2020). “Enclosing Water: Privatization, Commodification, and Access.”, 303-323. In Katherine
Jaffee, D. (2020). “Enclosing Water: Privatization, Commodification, and Access.”, 303-323. In Katherine
Johnson, H., South, N. and Walters, R. (2016). “The Commodification and Exploitation of Fresh Water: Property, Human Rights and Green Criminology.” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 44 (March), 146–62. doi:10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.07.003.
Keough, S. B. and Youngstedt, S. M. (2019). Water, life, and profit: fluid economies and cultures of Niamey, Niger. New York: Berghahn Books.
Кнежевић, Т. (2022). Извештај o здравственој исправности воде за пиће јавних водовода и водних објеката у Републици Србији за 2021. годину. Београд: Институт за јавно здравље Србије „Др Милан Јовановић Батут”.
Kouzminov, A. (2018). Water as a Strategic Resource and Political Influence in the Modern World. The 26th International Forum ‘Laying the Foundation for a More Humane Future - Mut zur Ethik’, Zurich/Sirnach, Switzerland, 31 August - 2 September 2018.
Kuzmanov, L. i Marković, J. (2021). Položaj osetljivih grupa u procesu pristupanja Republike Srbije Evropskoj uniji, Beograd: Tim za socijalno uključivanje i smanjenje siromaštva Vlade Republike Srbije.
Legun, Julie Keller, Michael Bell, and Michael Carolan (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental
Legun, Julie Keller, Michael Bell, and Michael Carolan (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Environmental Sociology (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lorenzo, N. (2014). “Green Criminology, Victimització Mediambiental i Social Harm. El Cas d’Huelva (Espanya).” Crítica penal y poder: una publicación del Observatorio del Sistema Penal y los Derechos Humanos; no. 7, 5-34.
Lynch, M. J., Fegadel, A. and Long, M. A. (2021). “Green Criminology and State-Corporate Crime: The Ecocide-Genocide Nexus with Examples from Nigeria.” Journal of Genocide Research, 23 (2), 236–56. doi:10.1080/14623528.2020.1771998
McAdam, K. C. (2003). „The Human Right to Water - Market Allocations and Subsistence in a World of Scarcity“. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 59-85.
McAdam, K. C. (2003). „The Human Right to Water - Market Allocations and Subsistence in a World of Scarcity“. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 59-85.
Mladenov, M. i Milojević, G. (2019). „Ljudsko pravo na vodu sa posebnim osvrtom na praksu Evropskog suda za ljudska prava“. Strani pravni život, 63(2), 109-119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/spz63-22127
Pudar, M. i Stevanović, M. N. (2016). “Srbija je u tišini prodala izvorišta”. Danas, 3. jun. Preuzeto 10.10.2021. sa https://www.danas.rs/vesti/ekonomija/srbija-je-u-tisini-prodala-izvorista/.
Right2Water. Preuzeto 10.10.2021. sa https://right2water.eu
Sarvan, D. (2017). „Ljudsko pravo na vodu u hrvatskom zakonodavstvu – de lege lata i de lege ferenda“. Fondacija Centar za javno pravo, 1-15.
SEEbiz (2020). „Na Wall Streetu počelo trgovanje vodom“. SEEbiz, 9. decembar. Preuzeto 01.11.2021. sa https://www.seebiz.eu/trzista/na-wall-streetu-pocelo-trgovanje-vodom/247054
Sociology (Vol. 2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stop Ecocide International. „Making Ecocide a Crie“. Preuzeto 02.09.2022. sa https://www.stopecocide.earth/making-ecocide-a-crime
Todorović, I. (2022). „Ko u Srbiji prvi dograbi vodu, taj ima primat u njenom korišćenju“. Balkan Green Energy News, 5. septembar. Preuzeto 15.09.2022. sa https://balkangreenenergynews.com/rs/ko-u-srbiji-prvi-dograbi-vodu-taj-ima-primat-u-njenom-koriscenju/
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The Human Right to Water and Sanitation. Preuzeto 10.10.2021. sa https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/pdf/human_right_to_water_and_sanitation_milestones.pdf
United Nations Office of High Commissioner for Human Rights. Country visits. Preuzeto 15.10.2021. sa https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/CountryVisits.aspx
United Nations University (2011). Former National Leaders: Water a Global Security Issue. Preuzeto 10.09.2022. sa https://unu.edu/media-relations/releases/water-called-a-global-security-issue.html
United Nations. UN Water – Monitoring SDG on water and sanitation. Preuzeto 15.06.2022. sa https://www.sdg6monitoring.org
Veljković, N. (2018). „Voda za piće i ljudsko pravo: javno dobro ili roba?“ Zbornik radova Međunarodna konferencija Vodovodni i kanalizacioni sistemi, Pale, 1-18.
Veljković, N. Petrović, Z., Šotić, A. i Hero-Gon, M. (2018). „Voda za piće i ljudsko pravo: dezinformacije i poverenje potrošača“. Voda i sanitarna tehnika, 48(3-4), 37-48.
Vidović, N. “Voda kao javno dobro svih građana”. Zrenjaninski socijalni forum. Preuzeto 15.10.2021. sa http://www.zsf.rs/analize/voda-kao-javno-dobro-svih-gradana/.
Zrenjanin danas (2019). “Strane kompanije poseduju skoro 80% izvora čiste vode u Srbiji”. Zrenjanin danas, 25. mart. Preuzeto 10.10.2021. sa https://www.zrenjanindanas.rs/strane-kompanije-poseduju-skoro-80-izvora-ciste-vode-u-srbiji/
World Summit on Sustainable Development, 26 August-4 September 2002, Johannesburg. Preuzeto 10.05.2022. sa https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/johannesburg2002
Strategija upravljanja vodama нa teritoriji Republike Srbije do 2034. godine, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 3/2017
Ustav Republike Srbije, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 98/2006 i 115/2021
Zakon o javnoj svojini, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 72/2011, 88/2013, 105/2014, 104/2016 - dr. zakon, 108/2016, 113/2017, 95/2018 i 153/2020
Zakon o vodama, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 30/2010, 93/2012, 101/2016, 95/2018 i 95/2018 - dr. zakon
Zakon o zaštiti životne sredine, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 135/2004, 36/2009, 36/2009 - dr. zakon, 72/2009 - dr. zakon, 43/2011 - odluka US, 14/2016, 76/2018, 95/2018 - dr. zakon i 95/2018 - dr. zakon
Zakon o zaštiti prirode, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 36/2009, 88/2010, 91/2010 - ispr., 14/2016, 95/2018 - dr. zakon i 71/2021
Zakon o integrisanom sprečavanju i kontroli zagađivanja životne sredine, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 135/2004 i 25/2015
Zakon o strateškoj proceni uticaja na životnu sredinu, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 135/2004 i 88/2010
Zakon o javno privatnom partnerstvu i koncesijama, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 88/2011, 15/2016 i 104/2016
Akcioni plan za sprovođenje Strategije upravljanja vodama нa teritoriji Republike Srbije za period od 2021. do 2023. godine, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 79/2021
Nacionalna strategija održivog korišćenja prirodnih resursa i dobara, Službeni glasnik RS, br. 33/2012
United Nations. UN Water SDG 6 Dana Portal. Sustainable Development Goal 6 on water and sanitation. Global Status. Preuzeto 15.10.2021. sa https://www.sdg6data.org/
United Nations General Assembly. Human rights and the privatization of water and sanitation services, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, Léo Heller, of 21 July 2020, A/75/208
UN General Assembly, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 18 December 1979, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249.
UN General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of the Child, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577.
1992 Dublin Statement on Water And Sustainable Development. Preuzeto 8.01.2022. sa: http://www.cawater-info.net/library/eng/l/dublin.pdf
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-14 June 1992. Preuzeto 10.05.2022. sa https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/rio1992
United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, Egypt, 5 September 1994. Preuzeto 10.05.2022. sa https://www.unfpa.org/events/international-conference-population-and-development-icpd
United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/54/175, The Right to Development.
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant), 20 January 2003, E/C.12/2002/1
United Nations General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993
United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States Parties’ Obligations (Art. 2, Para. 1, of the Covenant), 14 December 1990, E/1991/23
United Nations Economic and Social Council. Commission on Human Rights. Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation. Report of the Special Rapporteur, El Hadji Guissé, 11 July 2005, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/25
United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/58/2017
United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 7/22, Human rights and access to safe drinking water and sanitation, 28 March 2008, A/HRC/RES/7/22
United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution 16/2, The human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, 8 April 2011, A/HRC/RES/16/2
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64/292, The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, 3 August 2010, A/RES/64/292
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 70/169, The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, 22 February 2016, A/RES/70/169
United Nations General Assembly Resolution Transforming ourworld: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1
United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution, The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, 6 October 2020, A/HRC/RES/45/8
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 76/300, The human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, 26 July 2022, A/RES/76/300
Directive (EU) 2020/2184 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2020 on the quality of water intended for human consumption
Directive (EC) on Drinking Water 98/83/EC
Autori koji objavljuju u ovom časopisu pristaju na sledeće uslove:
- Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
- Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
- Autorima je dozvoljeno da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka.