Thermodynamic analysis of 6xxx series Al alloys: phase fraction diagrams
Abstract
Microstructural evolution of 6xxx Al alloys during various metallurgical processes was analyzed using accurate and comprehensive thermodynamic database. Phase fractions of all the possible precipitate phases which can form in the as-cast and equilibrium status of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu-Fe-Mn-Cr alloys were calculated over the technically useful composition range. The influences of minor elements such as Cu, Fe, Mn, and Cr on the amount of each type of precipitates in the as-cast and equilibrium conditions were analyzed. Phase fraction diagrams at 500 °C were mapped in the composition range of 0-1.1 wt.% Mg and 0-0.7 wt.% Si to investigate the as-homogenized microstructure. In addition, phase fraction diagram of Mg2Si at 177 °C was mapped to understand the microstructure after final annealing of 6xxx Al alloy. Based on the calculated diagrams, the design strategy of 6xxx Al alloy to produce highest strength was discussed.
References
P. Mukhopadhyay, ISRN Metall., (2012) 165082, 165015 pp.
R.S. Rana, R. Purohit, S. Das, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2 (2012) 1-7.
M.N. Ervina Efzan, H.J. Kong, C.K. Kok, Adv. Mater. Res. (Durnten-Zurich, Switzerland), 845 (2014) 355-359, 356 pp.
R.N. Lumley, D.R. Gunasegaram, M. Gershenzon, R.G. O'Donnell, International Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering, 4 (2010) 25-32.
J. Asensio-Lozano, B. Suarez-Pena, G.F.V. Voort, Materials, 7 (2014) 4224-4242, 4219.
S. Ji, W. Yang, F. Gao, D. Watson, Z. Fan, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 564 (2013) 130-139.
K.B.S. Couto, S.R. Claves, W.H. Van Geertruyden, W.Z. Misiolek, M. Goncalves, Mater. Sci. Technol., 21 (2005) 263-268.
S. Onurlu, A. Tekin, . J. Mater. Sci., 29 (1994) 1652-1655.
J. Davis, Alloying: Understanding the Basics., (2001) p351-416.
Y. Han, K. Ma, L. Li, W. Chen, H. Nagaumi, Mater. Des., 39 (2012) 418-424.
P.I. Sarafoglou, G.N. Haidemenopoulos, Int. J. Mater. Res., 105 (2014) 1202-1209.
C.W. Bale, E. Belisle, P. Chartrand, S.A. Decterov, G. Eriksson, A.E. Gheribi, K. Hack, I.H. Jung, Y.B. Kang, J. Melancon, A.D. Pelton, S. Petersen, C. Robelin, J. Sangster, P. Spencer, M.A. Van Ende, CALPHAD, 55 (2016) 1-19.
P. Chartrand, Unpublished work.
J.-P. Harvey, Ecole Polytechnique, (2006).
D.H. Kang, I.-H. Jung, Unpublished work.
N. Saunders, Cost 507 - Thermochemical database for light metal alloys, 2 (1991) 28-33.
K. Shubhank, Y.-B. Kang, CALPHAD, 45 (2014) 127-137.
A.T. Phan, M.-K. Paek, Y.-B. Kang, Acta Mater., 79 (2014) 1-15.
P. Chartrand, Upblished work.
M.-K. Paek, Unpublished work.
M.-K. Paek, J.-J. Pak, Y.-B. Kang, CALPHAD, 46 (2014) 92-102.
Y.-B. Kang, A.D. Pelton, P. Chartrand, P. Spencer, C.D. Fuerst, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 38A (2007) 1231-1243.
S. Cui, I.-H. Jung, J. Kim, J. Xin, J. Alloys Compd., 698 (2017) 1038-1057.
S. Cui, I.-H. Jung, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 48 (2017) 1383-1401.
S. Cui, I.-H. Jung, CALPHAD, 56 (2017) 241-259.
S. Cui, I.-H. Jung, CALPHAD, 57 (2017) 1-27.
S. Cui, I.-H. Jung, J. Alloys Compd., 708 (2017) 887-902.
S. Cui, I.-H. Jung, CALPHAD, 56 (2017) 108-125.
S. Cui, Unpublished work.
S. Cui, Unpublished work.
S. Cui, I.H. Jung, submitted, (2017).
M.-K. Paek, Unpublished work.
M.-S. Kim, Y.-B. Kang, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 36 (2015) 453-470.
A. Shukla, A.D. Pelton, J. Phase Equilib. Diffus., 30 (2009) 28-39.
M.-K. Paek, Unpublished work.
M.-K. Paek, Unpublished work.
A.K. Gupta, D.J. Lloyd, S.A. Court, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, A316 (2001) 11-17.
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media.
The Author(s) warrant that their manuscript is their original work that has not been published before; that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; and that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities at the institution where the work was carried out. The Author(s) affirm that the article contains no unfounded or unlawful statements and does not violate the rights of others. The author(s) also affirm that they hold no conflict of interest that may affect the integrity of the Manuscript and the validity of the findings presented in it. The Corresponding author, as the signing author, warrants that he/she has full power to make this grant on behalf of the Author(s). Any software contained in the Supplemental Materials is free from viruses, contaminants or worms.The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA).
Authors are permitted to deposit publisher's version (PDF) of their work in an institutional repository, subject-based repository, author's personal website (including social networking sites, such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc.), and/or departmental website at any time after publication.
Upon receiving the proofs, the Author(s) agree to promptly check the proofs carefully, correct any typographical errors, and authorize the publication of the corrected proofs.
The Corresponding author agrees to inform his/her co-authors, of any of the above terms.