Guidelines 2021 Changes in Guidelines for First Aid
Abstract
Guidelines for the implementation of first aid measures are part of the Guidelines 2021 of the European Resuscitation Council from 2015. In 2020, the ILCOR Committee made a scientific consensus for this area, and the European Resuscitation Council in 2021 made new recommendations based on this document and reviewed the existing ones. Recommendations for the application of first aid measures include first aid in emergencies and injuries.Recommendations that include emergencies consider the following content: recovery position, optimal positioning for shock, use of bronchodilators in patients with asthma in first aid, recognition of stroke, use of aspirin for chest pain, giving a second dose of adrenaline in anaphylaxis, first aid for hypoglycemia , oral rehydration, first aid for stress - related dehydration, heat stroke management and application of cooling measures, use of oxygen in providing first aid measures in acute stroke, and first aid for presyncope. First aid for trauma includes the following topics: control of life-threatening bleeding, first aid and treatment of open chest injuries, recognition of concussions, cooling burns, dental avulsion, and first aid for eye injuries due to exposure to chemicals.
References
Zideman DA, De Buck EDJ, Singletary EM, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 Section 9. First aid. Resusci- tation 2015;95:278 _87.
on behalf of the First Aid Chapter Collaborators. Zideman DA, Singletary EM, De Buck EDJ, et al. Part 9: First aid: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2015;95:e225 61.
on behalf of the First Aid Chapter Collaborators. Singletary EM, Zideman DA, De Buck EDJ, et al. Part 9: first aid: 2015 International Consensus on First Aid Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circu- lation 2015;132(suppl 1):S269 _311.
Jensen JL, Ohshimo S, Cassan P, et al. Immediate interventions for presyncope of vasovagal or orthostatic origin: a systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care 2020;24:64 _76.
De Buck E, Borra V, Carlson JN, Zideman DA, Singletary EM, Djärv T. First aid glucose administration routes for symptomatic hypogly- caemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019, doi:http://dx. doi. org/10.1002/14651858.CD013283.pub2 Art. No.: CD013283.
Djarv T, Swain JM, Chang W, Zideman DA, Singletary E. Early or first aid administration versus late or in-hospital administration of aspirin for non-traumatic adult chest pain: a systematic review. Cureus 2020;12:e6862
Douma MJ, Alba KS, Bendall JC, et al. First aid cooling techniques for heat stroke and exertional hyperthermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2020;148:173 _90.
Borra V, Berry DC, Zideman D, Singletary E, De Buck E. Compression wrapping for acute closed extremity joint injuries: a systematic review. J Athl Train 2020;55:789 _800.
On behalf of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation First Aid Task Force. De Brier N, Borra OD, Singletary V, Zideman EM, De Buck DAE. Storage of an avulsed tooth prior to replantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dent Traumatol 2020;36:453 _76.
Meyran D, Cassan P, Avau B, Singletary EM, Zideman DA. Stroke recognition for first aid providers: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Cureus 2020;12:e11386, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/ cureus.11386.
Zideman, D. A., Singletary, E. M., Borra,V., Cassan, P., Cimpoesu, C. D., De Buck, E., … Poole, K. (2021). European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: First aid. Resuscitation, 161, 270–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. resuscitation.2021.02.013
SlamaG, Traynard PY, Desplanque N, et al. The search for an optimized treatment of hypoglycemia. Carbohydrates in tablets, solutin, or gel for the correction of insulin reactions. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:589 93.
Chlup R, Zapletalova J, Peterson K, et al. Impact of buccal glucose spray, liquid sugars and dextrose tablets on the evolution of plasma glucose concentration in healthy persons. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2009;153:205 9, doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.5507/ bp.20
Matthew J. Douma, Theresa Aves, Katherine S. Allan, Jason C. Bendall, David C. Berry, Wei-Tien Chang, Jonathan Epstein, Natalie Hood, Eunice M. Singletary, David Zideman, Steve Lin, Vere Borra, Jestin N. Carlson, Pascal Cassan, Nathan P. Charlton, David S. Markenson, Daniel Meyran, Tetsuya Sakamoto, Janel M. Swain, Jeff A. Woodin, First aid cooling techniques for heat stroke and exertional hyperthermia: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Resuscitation, Volume 148, 2020, Pages 173-190 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.01.007
.
Armstrong LE, Crago AE, Adams R, Roberts WO, Maresh CM. Whole-body cooling of hyperthermic runners: comparison of two field therapies. Am JEmerg Med. 1996;14:355 8, doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/ S0735-6757(96)90048-0.
Flouris AD, Wright-Beatty HE, Friesen BJ, Casa DJ, Kenny GP. Treatment of exertional heat stress developed during low or moderate physical work. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114:2551 60, doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s00421-014-2971-1.
Friesen BJ, Carter MR, Poirier MP, Kenny GP. Water immersion in the treatment of exertional hyperthermia: physical determinants. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014;46:1727 35, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/ MSS.0000000000000292.
Taylor NA, Caldwell JN, Van den Heuvel AM, Patterson MJ. To cool, but not too cool: that is the question immersion cooling for hyperthermia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:1962 9, doi:http://dx. doi.org/10.1249/ MSS.0b013e31817eee9d.
Halson SL, Quod MJ, Martin DT, Gardner AS, Ebert TR, Laursen PB. Physiological responses to cold water immersion following cycling in the heat. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2008;3:331 46, doi:http://dx. doi. org/10.1123/ijspp.3.3.331.
Hosokawa Y, Adams WM, Belval LN, Vandermark LW, Casa DJ. Tarp-Assisted Cooling as a Method of Whole-Body Cooling in Hyperthermic Individuals. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69:347 52, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.428.
Clapp AJ, Bishop PA, Muir I, Walker JL. Rapid cooling techniques in joggers experiencing heat strain. J Sci Med Sport. 2001;4:160 7, doi:http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(01)80026-8.
Nye EA, Eberman LE, Games KE, Carriker C. Comparison of Whole-Body Cooling Techniques for Athletes and Military Personnel. Int J Exerc Sci. 2017;10:294 300.
Kielblock AJ, Van Rensburg JP, Franz RM. Body cooling as a method for reducing hyperthermia. An evaluation of techniques. Afr Med J. 1986;69:378 80.
Lissoway JB, Lipman GS,Grahn DA, et al. Novel application of chemical cold packs for treatment of exercise-induced hyperthermia: a randomized controlled trial. Wilderness Environ Med. 2015;26:173 9, doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.wem.2014.11.006.
Butts CL, McDermott BP, Buening BJ, et al. Physiologic and Perceptual Responses to Cold-Shower Cooling After Exercise- Induced Hyperthermia. J Athl Train. 2016;51:252 7, doi:http://dx. doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050- 51.4.01.
Butts CL, Spisla DL, Adams JD, et al. Effectiveness of Ice-Sheet Cooling Following Exertional Hyperthermia. Mil ed. 2017;182: e1951 7, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00057
Selkirk GA, McLellan TM, Wong J. Active versus passive cooling during work in warm environments while wearing firefighting prote- ctive clothing. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2004;1:521 31, doi:http:/ dx.doi. org/10.1080/15459620490475216.
Jiménez-Jáimez J, Alcalde Martínez V, Jiménez Fernández M, et al. Clinical and Genetic Diagnosis of onischemic Sudden Cardiac Death. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2017;70:808 16, doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j. rec.2017.04.024.
Morrison KE, Desai N, McGuigan C, Lennon M, Godek SF. Effects of Intravenous Cold Saline on Hyperthermic Athletes epresentative of Large Football Players and Small Endurance Runners. Clin J Sport Med. 2018;28:493 9, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ JSM.0000000000000505.
Adams WM, Hosokawa Y, Adams EL, Belval LN, Huggins RA, Casa DJ. Reduction in body temperature using and cooling versus passive rest after exercise in the heat. J Sci Med Sport. 2016;19:936 40, doi:http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.02.006.
Barwood MJ, Davey S, House JR, Tipton MJ. Post-exercise cooling techniques in hot, humid conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;107:385 96, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009- 1135-1.
Chang WT, Sakamoto T, Lee CC, et al. First aid supplementary oxygen for acute stroke: Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommenda- tions: International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) First Aid Task Force. 2020 https://costr.ilcor. org/document/first-aid-supplemen- tary-oxygen-for-acute-stroke-tfsr.Updated January 24, 2020. Accessed April 14, 2020.
Singletary EM, Zideman DA, De Buck ED, et al. Part 9: first aid: 2015 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment
Recommendations. Circulation. 2015;132:S269 311, doi:http://dx. doi. org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000278.
Zideman DA, Singletary EM, De Buck ED, et al. Part 9: first aid: 2015 International Consensus on First Aid Science With Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation. 2015;95:e225 261, doi:http://dx. doi. org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.047.
Charlton NP, Swain JM, Brozek JL, et al. Control of severe, lifethre- atening external bleeding in the out-of-hospital setting: a systematic review. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;1 33, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1 0903127.2020.1743801.
Chlan LL,Sabo J, Savik K. Effects of three groin compression methods on patient discomfort, distress, and vascular complications following a percutaneous coronary intervention procedure. Nurs Res. 2005;54:391 8, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200511000-00005.
Lehmann KG, Heath-Lange SJ, Ferris ST. Randomized compa- rison of hemostasis techniques after invasive cardiovascular procedures. Am Heart J. 1999;138:1118 25, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ s0002- 8703(99)70078-5.
Walker SB, Cleary S, Higgins M. Comparison of the FemoStop device and manual pressure in reducing groin puncture site complica- tions following coronary angioplasty and coronary stent placement. Int J Nurs Pract. 2001;7:366 75, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440- 172x.2001.00291.x.
