Uloga dehidratacije na sportske performanse i preporuke za rehidrataciju

  • Danka Vukašinović Institut za higijenu i medicinsku ekologiju, Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu
  • Miloš Maksimović
  • Slobodan Tanasković
Ključne reči: dehidratacija, sportske performanse, rehidratacija, preporuke

Sažetak


Akutni i hronični efekti dehidratacije na zdravlje sportista su dobro poznati, dok se o vezi izmedju dehidratacije i sportskih performansi manje zna. Opšte prihvaćen konsenzus u naučnoj literaturi je da dehidratacija ≥2% telesne mase predstavlja prag na kom dolazi do smanjenja izdržljivosti, kao aerobne performanse. Mehanizmi kojim dehidratacija degradira aerobne performanse obuhvataju smanjenje VO2max, smanjenje cirkulatornog volumena i posledično smanjenje udarnog volumena srca. Pri većem stepenu dehidratacije dolazi do povećanja srčane frekvencije, telesne temperature, oksidacije ugljenih hidrata i mišićne glikogenolize. Efekat dehidratacije na anaerobne performanse sportista, kao što su mišićna snaga i jačina, je manje poznat.  Veliki osmotski stres koji obično prati teže stepene intracelularne dehidratacije može modulirati propustljivost krvno-moždane barijere, menjati neuronsko paljenje osmoreceptorskih ćelija u hipotalamusu, i potencijalno uticati na ekscitabilnost motornih izlaznih puteva. Studije su pokazale da akutna dehidratacija narušava mišićnu snagu i izdržljivost i povećava percepciju umora, ali bez promena u markerima centralne i periferne neuromišićne funkcije. Pored fizičkih, dehidratacija utiče i na mentalne performanse sportista. Simptomi dehidratacije (suva usta, žeđ, glavobolja, umor) utiču na kognitivne funkcije sportista i njihovu kognitivnu rezilijentnost. Zato personalizovane strategije rehidratacije igraju ključnu ulogu u bezbednosti sportista tokom sportskih aktivnosti, ali i u poboljšanju sportskih rezultata. U ovom radu bavimo se uticajem dehidratacije na mentalne i fizičke performanse sportista, kao i najnovijim preporukama za adekvatnu rehidrataciju.

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2024/05/08
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