Uloga dehidratacije na sportske performanse i preporuke za rehidrataciju

Danka Vukašinović; Miloš  Maksimović; Slobodan  Tanasković

doi:10.5937/mp75-42681

Danka Vukašinović Institut za higijenu i medicinsku ekologiju, Medicinski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu
Miloš Maksimović
Slobodan Tanasković

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/mp75-42681

Ključne reči: dehidratacija, sportske performanse, rehidratacija, preporuke

Sažetak

Akutni i hronični efekti dehidratacije na zdravlje sportista su dobro poznati, dok se o vezi izmedju dehidratacije i sportskih performansi manje zna. Opšte prihvaćen konsenzus u naučnoj literaturi je da dehidratacija ≥2% telesne mase predstavlja prag na kom dolazi do smanjenja izdržljivosti, kao aerobne performanse. Mehanizmi kojim dehidratacija degradira aerobne performanse obuhvataju smanjenje VO_2max, smanjenje cirkulatornog volumena i posledično smanjenje udarnog volumena srca. Pri većem stepenu dehidratacije dolazi do povećanja srčane frekvencije, telesne temperature, oksidacije ugljenih hidrata i mišićne glikogenolize. Efekat dehidratacije na anaerobne performanse sportista, kao što su mišićna snaga i jačina, je manje poznat. Veliki osmotski stres koji obično prati teže stepene intracelularne dehidratacije može modulirati propustljivost krvno-moždane barijere, menjati neuronsko paljenje osmoreceptorskih ćelija u hipotalamusu, i potencijalno uticati na ekscitabilnost motornih izlaznih puteva. Studije su pokazale da akutna dehidratacija narušava mišićnu snagu i izdržljivost i povećava percepciju umora, ali bez promena u markerima centralne i periferne neuromišićne funkcije. Pored fizičkih, dehidratacija utiče i na mentalne performanse sportista. Simptomi dehidratacije (suva usta, žeđ, glavobolja, umor) utiču na kognitivne funkcije sportista i njihovu kognitivnu rezilijentnost. Zato personalizovane strategije rehidratacije igraju ključnu ulogu u bezbednosti sportista tokom sportskih aktivnosti, ali i u poboljšanju sportskih rezultata. U ovom radu bavimo se uticajem dehidratacije na mentalne i fizičke performanse sportista, kao i najnovijim preporukama za adekvatnu rehidrataciju.

Reference

1. Sawka M, Pandolf KB. Effects of body water loss on physiological function and exercise performance. In: Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine; Gisolfi C, Lamb DR, Eds.; Benchmark Press: Carmel, CA, USA, 1990; Volume 3, pp. 1–38.

2. Kleiner SM. Water: an essential but overlooked nutrient. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99(2):

200-6.

3. Vanderlei FM, Moreno IL, Vanderlei LC, Pastre CM, de Abreu LC, Ferreira C. Comparison of the effects of hydration with water or isotonic solution on the recovery of cardiac autonomic modulation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2015; 25(2):145–153.

4. Bergeron MF, Laird MD, Marinik EL, Brenner JS, Waller JL. Repeated-bout exercise in the heat in young athletes: physiological strain and perceptual responses. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106(2):476–485.

5. Edwards A, Mann ME, Marfell-Jones MJ, Rankin DM, Noakes TD, Shillington DP. Influence of moderate dehydration on soccer performance: Physiological responses to 45 min of outdoor match-play and the immediate subsequent performance of sport-specific and mental concentration tests. Br J Sports Med 2007; 41(6):385–391.

6. Baker LB, Dougherty KA, Chow M, Kenney WL. Progressive dehydration causes a progressive decline in basketball skill performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39:1114–1123.

7. Ceylan B, Aydos L, Šimenko J. Effect of Rapid Weight Loss on Hydration Status and Performance in Elite Judo Athletes. Biology 2022; 11(4):500.

8. Goldman RF. Introduction to heat-related problems in military operations. In: Pandolf KB, Burr RE, editors. Medical Aspects of Harsh Environments. Washington, D.C.: Office of The Surgeon General; 2001, pp. 3-42.

9. McDermott BP, Anderson SA, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Cheuvront SN, Cooper L, et al. National Athletic Trainers’ Association Position Statement: Fluid Replacement for the Physically Active. J Athl Train 2017; 52(9):877–895.

10. Stolwijk JA, Saltin B, Gagge AP. Physiological factors associated with sweating during exercise. Aerosp Med 1968; 39(10):1101-1105.

11. Carter R III, Cheuvront SN, Williams JO, Kolka MA, Stephenson LA, Sawka MN, et al. Epidemiology of hospitalizations and deaths from heat illness in soldiers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37(8):1338–1344.

12. Sawka MN, Burke LM, Eichner ER, Maughan RJ, Montain SJ, Stachenfeld NS. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39(2):377-90.

13. Adams WM, Ferraro EM, Huggins RA, Casa DJ. Influence of body mass loss on changes in heart rate during exercise in the heat: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28(8):2380–2389.

14. Gonza´lez-Alonso J, Mora-Rodr´ıguez R, Below PR, Coyle EF. Dehydration reduces cardiac output and increases systemic and cutaneous vascular resistance during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1995; 79(5):1487–1496.

15. Sawka MN, Montain SJ, Latzka WA. Hydration effects on thermoregulation and performance in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2001;128(4):679-690.

16. Buck E, Miles R, Schroeder JD, editors. Exercise-associated Hyponatremia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan.2022 Nov 25.

17. Noakes TD, Goodwin N, Rayner BL, Branken T, Taylor RK. Water intoxication: a possible complication during endurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985; 17(3):370-5.

18. Frizzell RT, Lang GH, Lowance DC, Lathan SR. Hyponatremia and ultramarathon running. JAMA 1986; 255(6):772-4.

19. Kipps C, Sharma S, Pedoe DT. The incidence of exercise associated hyponatraemia in the London marathon. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45(1):14–19.

20. Hew TD, Chorley JN, Cianca JC, Divine JG. The incidence, risk factors, and clinical manifestations of hyponatremia in marathon runners. Clin J Sport Med 2003;13(1):41–47.

21. Hoffman MD, Fogard K, Winger J, Hew-Butler T, Stuempfle KJ. Characteristics of 161-km ultramarathon finishers developing exercise-associated hyponatremia. Res Sports Med 2013; 21(2): 164-75.

22. Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW. Dehydration: Physiology, Assessment, and Performance Effects. Compr Physiol 2014; 4(1):257-285.

23. Craig EN, Cummings EG. Dehydration and muscular work. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 670-674.

24. Frey MA, Lathers C, Davis J, Fortney S, Charles JB. Cardiovascular responses to standing: Effect of hydration. J Clin Pharmacol 1994; 34(5):387-393.

25. Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW, Montain SJ, Sawka MN. Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109(6):1989-95.

26. Wingo JE, Ganio MS, Cureton KJ. Cardiovascular drift during heat stress: Implications for exercise prescription. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2012; 40(2):88-94.

27. Logan-Sprenger HM, Heigenhauser GJ, Killian KJ, Spriet LL. Effects of dehydration during cycling on skeletal muscle metabolism in females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44(10):1949-57.

28. Holland JJ, Skinner TL, Irwin CG, Leveritt MD, Goulet EDB. The Influence of Drinking Fluid on Endurance Cycling Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2017; 47(11):2269-2284.

29. Mitchell JB, Voss KW. The influence of volume on gastric emptying and fluid balance during prolonged exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991;23(3):314–9.

30. Zouhal H, Groussard C, Minter G, Vincent S, Cretual A, Gratas-Delamarche A, et al. Inverse relationship between percentage body weight change and finishing time in 643 forty-two-kilometre marathon runners. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45(14):1101–1105.

31. Kao W-F, Shyu C-L, Yang X-W, Hsu T-F, Chen J-J, Kao W-C, et al. Athletic performance and serial weight changes during 12- and 24-hour ultra-marathons. Clin J Sport Med 2008; 18(2):155–158.

32. Beis LY, Wright-Whyte M, Fudge B, Noakes T, Pitsiladis YP. Drinking behaviors of elite male runners during marathon competition. Clin J Sport Med 2012; 22(3):254–261.

33. Dion T, Savoie FA, Asselin A, Gariepy C, Goulet EDB. Half‑marathon running performance is not improved by a rate of fluid intake above that dictated by thirst sensation in trained distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113(12):3011-3020.

34. Bigard AX, Sanchez H, Claveyrolas G, Martin S, Thimonier B, Arnaud MJ. Effects of dehydration and rehydration on EMG changes during fatiguing contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33(10):1694-1700.

35. Costill DL, Cote R, Fink W. Muscle water and electrolytes following varied levels of dehydration in man. J Appl Physiol 1976; 40(1):6-11.

36. Bennett AF. Thermal dependence of muscle function. Am J Physiol 1984; 247:R217-R229.

37. Evetovich TK, Boyd JC, Drake SM, Eschbach LC, Magal M, Soukup JT, et al. Effect of moderate dehydration on torque, electromyography, and mechanomyography. Muscle Nerve 2002; 26(2):225-231.

38. Rapoport SI. Osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier: Principles, mechanism, and therapeutic applications. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2000; 20(2):217-230.

39. Boulant JA, Silva NL. Neuronal sensitivities in preoptic tissue slices: Interactions among homeostatic systems. Brain Res Bull 1988; 20(6):871-878.

40. Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72:1631-1648.

41. Barley OR, Chapman DW, Blazevich AJ, Abbiss CR. Acute dehydration impairs endurance without modulating neuromuscular function. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1562.

42. Ely BR, Sollanek KJ, Cheuvront SN, Lieberman HR, Kenefick RW. Hypohydration and acute thermal stress affect mood state but not cognition or dynamic postural balance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013;113(4):1027-1034.

43. Laursen PB, Shing CM, Peake JM, Coombes JS, Jenkins DG. Interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34(11):1801–32.

44. Convertino VA, Armstrong LE, Coyle EF, Mack GW, Sawka MN, Senay Jr LC, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28(1):i–vii.

45. Gigou PY, Lamontagne-Lacasse M, Goulet EDB. Meta-analysis of the effects of pre-exercise hypohydration on endurance performance, lactate threshold and VO2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42:361–362.

46. Casa DJ, Stearns RL, Lopez RM, Ganio MS, McDermott BP, Yeargin SW, et al. Influence of hydration on physiological function and performance during trail running in the heat. J Athl Train 2010; 45(2):147–156.

47. Eric DB Goulet. Dehydration and endurance performance in competitive athletes. Nutr Rev 2012, 70(2):S132–S136.

48. Montain SJ, Smith SA, Mattot RP, Zientara GP, Jolesz FA, Sawka MN. Hypohydration effects on skeletal muscle performance and metabolism: a 31P-MRS study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 84(6):1889-1894.

49. Evans GH, James LJ, Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration. J Appl Physiol 2017; 122: 945–951.

50. Orrù S, Imperlini E, Nigro E, Alfieri A, Cevenini A, Polito R, et al. Role of functional beverages on Sport Performance and Recovery. Nutrients 2018; 10(10):1470.