EPIDEMIOLOGIJA POST-KOVID SINDROMA
Ključne reči:
kovid-19, prevalencija, prevencija, faktori rizika
Sažetak
Prema definiciji Svetske zdravstvene organizacije (SZO) post-kovid sindrom ili dugotrajni kovid se definiše kao trajanje postojećih ili pojava novih simptoma tri meseca nakon inicijalne infekcije virusom SARS-CoV-2 (eng. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) i njihovo trajanje u periodu od najmanje dva meseca, pri čemu su isključene alternativne dijagnoze. Mehanizmi koji leže u osnovi pojave dugotrajnog kovida i dalje nisu dovoljno razjašnjeni. Procene prevalencije post-kovid sindroma značajno variraju u zavisnosti od više faktora, koji uključuju dizajn studije, ispitivanu populaciju i definiciju slučaja koja je korišćena u istraživanju . Prema nekim procenama, najmanje 10% osoba sa teškom kliničkom slikom infekcije SARS-CoV-2 virusom razviće post-kovid sindrom. Dugotrajni kovid predstavlja multisistemsku bolest sa širokim spektrom simptoma koji zahvataju između ostalog respiratorni, kardiovaskularni, muskuloskeletni, nervni sistem i kožu. Najčešći simptomi dugotrajnog kovida uključuju zamor, kratak dah, i kognitivnu disfunkciju, međutim opisano je više od 200 različitih simptoma koji mogu uticati na svakodnevno funkcionisanje obolelih. Prema podacima iz SAD i Evrope, prevalencija dugotrajnog kovid sindroma je viša među osobama ženskog pola i među onima sa hroničnim bolestima. Imajući u vidu broj osoba inficiranih SARS-CoV-2 virusom na globalnom nivou od ključnog značaja sprovoditi kontinuirani epidemiološki nadzor koji bi omogućio stalni uvid u postojeću situaciju, ali i dizajnirati istraživanja, pre svega na reprezentativnim uzorcima populacije sa ciljem povećanja znanja o faktorima rizika i mogućnostima za primenu preventivnih mera. Ta saznanja pomogla bi i u identifikaciji populacionih grupa pod povišenim rizikom za razvoj post-kovid sindroma što je od ključnog značaja za razumevanje dugoročnih uticaja pandemije oboljenja kovid-19.
Reference
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11. Saydah SH, Brooks JT, Jackson BR. Surveillance for post-COVID conditions is necessary: addressing the challenges with multiple approaches. J Gen Intern Med 2022 May; 37:1786–8.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Long COVID. 2022. Dostupno na: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/long-covid.htm.
13. Robertson MM, Qasmieh SA, Kulkarni SG, Teasdale CA, Jones HE, McNairy M, et al. The Epidemiology of Long Coronavirus Disease in US Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 May; 76(9):1636-1645.
14. Ayoubkhani D, King S, Pawelek P. Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK—Office for National Statistics. 2022. Dostupno na: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healt handsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptoms followingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/7july2022.
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16. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Prevalence of post COVID-19 condition symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort study data, stratified by recruitment setting 31 Oct 2022 [Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/prevalence-post- covid-19-condition-symptoms-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis
17. Akbarialiabad H, Taghrir MH, Abdollahi A, Ghahramani N, Kumar M, Paydar S, et al. Long COVID, a comprehensive systematic scoping review. Infection. 2021 Dec; 49(6):1163–86.
18. Castanares-Zapatero D, Chalon P, Kohn L, Dauvrin M, Detollenaere J, de Maertens C, et al. Pathophysiology and mechanism of long COVID: a compre- hensive review. Ann Med. 2022 Dec; 54(1):1473–87.
19. Hirschtick JL, Xie Y, Slocum E, Hirschtick RE, Power LE, Elliott MR, et al. A statewide population-based approach to examining Long COVID symptom prevalence and predictors in Michigan. Prev Med. 2023 Nov:107752.
20. Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators; Wulf Hanson S, Abbafati C, Aerts JG, Al-Aly Z, Ashbaugh C, Ballouz T, et al. Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA. 2022 Oct; 328(16): 1604-1615.
21. McMullan C, Chandan JS, Haroon S, Price G, Davies EH, Nirantharakumar K, et al; TLC Study Group. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. J R Soc Med. 2021 Sep; 114(9):428-442.
22. Thi Khanh HN, Cornelissen L, Castanares-Zapatero D, De Pauw R, Van Cauteren D, Demarest S, et al. Association between SARS-CoV-2 variants and post COVID-19 condition: findings from a longitudinal cohort study in the Belgian adult population. BMC Infect Dis. 2023 Nov; 23(1):774.
23. Antonelli M, Pujol JC, Spector TD, Ourselin S, Steves CJ. Risk of long COVID associated with delta versus omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. The Lancet. 2022 Oct; 399(10343):2263–4.
24. Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF. Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Oct; 21:626–36.
25. Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, Toffa S, Rickeard T, Gallagher E, et al. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. N Engl J Med. 2022 Apr; 386:1532–46.
26. Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, AlMukdad S, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, et al. Effect of mRNA vaccine boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in Qatar. N Engl J Med. 2022 May; 386: 1804–16.
27. Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, Tang P, Hasan MR, Yassine HM, et al. Effects of previous infection and vaccination on symptomatic omicron infections. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387: 21–34.
28. Tan ST, Kwan AT, Rodríguez-Barraquer I, Singer BJ, Park HJ, Lewnard JA, et al. Infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections and reinfections during the Omicron wave. Nat Med. 2023 Feb; 29(2):358-365.
29. Clarke KEN, Jones JM, Deng Y, Nycz E, Lee A, Iachan R, et al. Seroprevalence of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibodies—United States, September 2021-February 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:606–8.
30. Mahase E. Covid-19: vaccinated people are less likely to get long Covid, review finds. BMJ. 2022 Feb; 376:o407.
31. Patient Safety Learning. The effectiveness of vaccination against long Covid: a rapid evidence briefing (February 2022). Patient Safety Learning—the Hub. 2022. Dostupno na: https://www.pslhub.org/learn/coronavirus-covid19/data-and- statistics/the-effectiveness-of-vaccination-against-long-covid-a-rapid-evidence-briefing- february-2022-r6159/.
32. Notarte KI, Catahay JA, Velasco JV, Pastrana A, Ver AT, Pangilinan FC, et al. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of developing long-COVID and on existing long-COVID symptoms: a systematic review. eClinicalMedicine. 2022 Aug; 53:101624.
33. Thompson EJ, Williams DM, Walker AJ, Mitchell RE, Niedzwiedz CL, Yang TC, et al. Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records. Nat Commun. 2022 Jun; 13:3528.
34. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Pellicer-Valero OJ, Navarro-Pardo E, et al. Symptoms experienced at the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection as risk factor of long- term post-COVID symptoms: the LONG-COVID-EXP-CM multicenter study. Int J Infect. Dis 2022 mar; 116:241–4.
35.Yomogida K, Zhu S, Rubino F, Figueroa W, Balanji N, Holman E. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adults aged ≥18 years—Long Beach, California, April 1-December 10, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1274–7.
36. Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021 Apr; 27:626–31.
37. Cristillo V, Pilotto A, Cotti Piccinelli S, Bonzi G, Canale A, Gipponi S, et al. Premorbid vulnerability and disease severity impact on long-COVID cognitive impairment. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2022 Jan; 34:257–60.
38. Behnood SA, Shafran R, Bennett SD, Zhang AXD, O'Mahoney LL, Stephenson TJ, et al. Persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst children and young people: a meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled studies. J Infect. 2022 Feb; 84:158–70.
39. COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Variation in the COVID-19 infection-fatality ratio by age, time, and geography during the pre-vaccine era: a systematic analysis. Published correction appears in Lancet. 2022;399(10334):1468. Lancet. 2022 Apr;399(10334):1469-1488.
2. Ahmad MS, Shaik RA, Ahmad RK, Yusuf M, Khan M, Almutairi AB, et al. "LONG COVID": an insight. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Sep; 25(17):5561-5577.
3. WHO. Post COVID-19 condition (Long COVID). https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/post-covid-19-condition, pristupljeno 12. 11. 2023. godine
4. Michelen M, Manoharan L, Elkheir N, Cheng V, Dagens A, Hastie C, et al. Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review. BMJ Global Health. 2021 Sep; 6(9):e005427.
5. Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, Madhavan MV, McGroder C, Stevens JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021 Apr; 27(4):601-615.
6. Chen C, Haupert SR, Zimmermann L, Shi X, Fritsche LG, Mukherjee B. Global prevalence of post COVID-19 condition or long COVID: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Infect Dis 2022 Nov; 226:1593–607.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Long COVID. 2023. Dostupno na: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/long-covid.htm. Pristupljeno 12.11. 2023.
8. Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. ‘Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations’. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2023 Mar: 133–146.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID data tracker. 2020. Dostupno na: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#inspire.
10. Bull-Otterson L, Baca S, Saydah S, Boehmer K. Tegan, Adjei Stacey, Gray Simone, et al. Post-COVID conditions among adult COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 and ≥65 years United States, March 2020– November 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:713–7.
11. Saydah SH, Brooks JT, Jackson BR. Surveillance for post-COVID conditions is necessary: addressing the challenges with multiple approaches. J Gen Intern Med 2022 May; 37:1786–8.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Long COVID. 2022. Dostupno na: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/long-covid.htm.
13. Robertson MM, Qasmieh SA, Kulkarni SG, Teasdale CA, Jones HE, McNairy M, et al. The Epidemiology of Long Coronavirus Disease in US Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 May; 76(9):1636-1645.
14. Ayoubkhani D, King S, Pawelek P. Prevalence of ongoing symptoms following coronavirus (COVID-19) infection in the UK—Office for National Statistics. 2022. Dostupno na: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healt handsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptoms followingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/7july2022.
15. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/prevalenceofongoingsymptomsfollowingcoronaviruscovid19infectionintheuk/30march2023, pristupljeno 12. novembra 2023
16. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Prevalence of post COVID-19 condition symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort study data, stratified by recruitment setting 31 Oct 2022 [Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/prevalence-post- covid-19-condition-symptoms-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis
17. Akbarialiabad H, Taghrir MH, Abdollahi A, Ghahramani N, Kumar M, Paydar S, et al. Long COVID, a comprehensive systematic scoping review. Infection. 2021 Dec; 49(6):1163–86.
18. Castanares-Zapatero D, Chalon P, Kohn L, Dauvrin M, Detollenaere J, de Maertens C, et al. Pathophysiology and mechanism of long COVID: a compre- hensive review. Ann Med. 2022 Dec; 54(1):1473–87.
19. Hirschtick JL, Xie Y, Slocum E, Hirschtick RE, Power LE, Elliott MR, et al. A statewide population-based approach to examining Long COVID symptom prevalence and predictors in Michigan. Prev Med. 2023 Nov:107752.
20. Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators; Wulf Hanson S, Abbafati C, Aerts JG, Al-Aly Z, Ashbaugh C, Ballouz T, et al. Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021. JAMA. 2022 Oct; 328(16): 1604-1615.
21. McMullan C, Chandan JS, Haroon S, Price G, Davies EH, Nirantharakumar K, et al; TLC Study Group. Symptoms, complications and management of long COVID: a review. J R Soc Med. 2021 Sep; 114(9):428-442.
22. Thi Khanh HN, Cornelissen L, Castanares-Zapatero D, De Pauw R, Van Cauteren D, Demarest S, et al. Association between SARS-CoV-2 variants and post COVID-19 condition: findings from a longitudinal cohort study in the Belgian adult population. BMC Infect Dis. 2023 Nov; 23(1):774.
23. Antonelli M, Pujol JC, Spector TD, Ourselin S, Steves CJ. Risk of long COVID associated with delta versus omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2. The Lancet. 2022 Oct; 399(10343):2263–4.
24. Tregoning JS, Flight KE, Higham SL, Wang Z, Pierce BF. Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Oct; 21:626–36.
25. Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, Toffa S, Rickeard T, Gallagher E, et al. Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. N Engl J Med. 2022 Apr; 386:1532–46.
26. Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, AlMukdad S, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, et al. Effect of mRNA vaccine boosters against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection in Qatar. N Engl J Med. 2022 May; 386: 1804–16.
27. Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, Tang P, Hasan MR, Yassine HM, et al. Effects of previous infection and vaccination on symptomatic omicron infections. N Engl J Med. 2022; 387: 21–34.
28. Tan ST, Kwan AT, Rodríguez-Barraquer I, Singer BJ, Park HJ, Lewnard JA, et al. Infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections and reinfections during the Omicron wave. Nat Med. 2023 Feb; 29(2):358-365.
29. Clarke KEN, Jones JM, Deng Y, Nycz E, Lee A, Iachan R, et al. Seroprevalence of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibodies—United States, September 2021-February 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022; 71:606–8.
30. Mahase E. Covid-19: vaccinated people are less likely to get long Covid, review finds. BMJ. 2022 Feb; 376:o407.
31. Patient Safety Learning. The effectiveness of vaccination against long Covid: a rapid evidence briefing (February 2022). Patient Safety Learning—the Hub. 2022. Dostupno na: https://www.pslhub.org/learn/coronavirus-covid19/data-and- statistics/the-effectiveness-of-vaccination-against-long-covid-a-rapid-evidence-briefing- february-2022-r6159/.
32. Notarte KI, Catahay JA, Velasco JV, Pastrana A, Ver AT, Pangilinan FC, et al. Impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the risk of developing long-COVID and on existing long-COVID symptoms: a systematic review. eClinicalMedicine. 2022 Aug; 53:101624.
33. Thompson EJ, Williams DM, Walker AJ, Mitchell RE, Niedzwiedz CL, Yang TC, et al. Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records. Nat Commun. 2022 Jun; 13:3528.
34. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C, Pellicer-Valero OJ, Navarro-Pardo E, et al. Symptoms experienced at the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection as risk factor of long- term post-COVID symptoms: the LONG-COVID-EXP-CM multicenter study. Int J Infect. Dis 2022 mar; 116:241–4.
35.Yomogida K, Zhu S, Rubino F, Figueroa W, Balanji N, Holman E. Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adults aged ≥18 years—Long Beach, California, April 1-December 10, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:1274–7.
36. Sudre CH, Murray B, Varsavsky T, et al. Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nat Med. 2021 Apr; 27:626–31.
37. Cristillo V, Pilotto A, Cotti Piccinelli S, Bonzi G, Canale A, Gipponi S, et al. Premorbid vulnerability and disease severity impact on long-COVID cognitive impairment. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2022 Jan; 34:257–60.
38. Behnood SA, Shafran R, Bennett SD, Zhang AXD, O'Mahoney LL, Stephenson TJ, et al. Persistent symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst children and young people: a meta-analysis of controlled and uncontrolled studies. J Infect. 2022 Feb; 84:158–70.
39. COVID-19 Forecasting Team. Variation in the COVID-19 infection-fatality ratio by age, time, and geography during the pre-vaccine era: a systematic analysis. Published correction appears in Lancet. 2022;399(10334):1468. Lancet. 2022 Apr;399(10334):1469-1488.
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