Detekcija simptoma poremećaja pažnje sa hiperaktivnošću kod studenata medicine Univerziteta u Beogradu-učestalost i povezanost sa sociodemografskim karakteristikama, akademskim postignućima i usamljenošću

Natalija Kojović; Nikola  Joković; Vanja Mandić Maravić; Nađa Marić Bojović

doi:10.5937/mp75-48059

Natalija Kojović Medicinski faultet Univerziteta u Beogradu
Nikola Joković
Vanja Mandić Maravić
Nađa Marić Bojović

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/mp75-48059

Sažetak

Uvod: Poremećaj pažnje sa hiperaktivnošću (ADHD) je psihijatrijski poremećaj sa tipičnim početkom u dečijem dobu. Psihičke smetnje, socijalne teškoće i disfunkcionalnost mogu ali ne moraju da se povuku u odraslom dobu. U cilju detekcije simptoma ADHD kod odrasle populacije razvijeni su odgovarajući instrumenti i oni do sada nisu primenjivani na populaciji studenata u Srbiji.

Cilj rada: Ispitati učestalost pozitivne detekcije simptoma ADHD u populaciji studenata medicine i povezanost pozitivnog rezultata detekcije sa sociodemografskim karakteristikama, akademskim postignućima i usamljenošću.

Materijal i metode: Studija preseka je sprovedena na Medicinskom fakultetu u Beogradu distribucijom upitnika postavljenog na online platformi. Upitnikom su dobijeni podaci o socio-demografskim i akademskim karakteristikama ispitanika. Za detekciju simptoma ADHD kod odraslih, ispitivanje ličnog doživljaja socijalnog statusa i usamljenosti korišćene su ASRS-v1.1, Scale of Subjective Social Status i Huges-ova skala usamljenosti. Podaci su obrađeni metodama deskriptivne i analitičke statistike.

Rezultati: Uzorak je činilo n=404 studenata svih godina fakulteta (18-30 godina). Ukupno 21,7% studenata je imalo pozitivnu detekciju simptoma ADHD. Kod njih je prosečna ocena tokom studija bila 8,5±0,8, a kod druge grupe 8,7±0,7 (p=0,009). Studenti pozitivni na detekciji su bili usamljeniji (p<0,001). Najveću prediktivnu moć da ukažu na pozitivnu detekciju imaju sledeći simptomi: smetnje pažnje kada rade dosadan ili repetitivan posao, teškoće koncentracije na razgovor ili na direktno obraćanje ljudi, teškoće da se pronađu stvari kod kuće ili na poslu ili da se one zagube i suvišno pričanje u socijalnim situacijama.

Zaključak: ASRS-v1.1 nije idealan instrument jer može dati veliki broj lažno pozitivnih rezultata i to ograničenje se mora imati u vidu. Ipak, aktuelno istraživanje pruža početni uvid o učestalosti pozitivne detekcije simptoma ADHD kod studenata. Stopa pozitivne detekcije u aktuelnoj studiji je slična u odnosu na dve studije studenata u drugim delovima sveta i duplo je visa u odnosu na rezultate detekcije na prigodnom uzorku opšte populacije iz Srbije.

Ključne reči: ADHD; student; usamljenost; detekcija

Reference

1) Thapar A, Cooper M. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet. 2016; 387(10024):1240-50.
2) Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O. The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2010; 2(4):241-55.
3) Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Mick E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan, comorbidities, and neurobiology. J Pediatr Psychol. 2007; 32(6):631-42.
4) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2nd edition (DSM-II) Author; Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 1968.
5) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
6) Kwak Y.S., Jung Y.E., Kim M.D. Prevalence and correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in Korean college students. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015; 11:797-802.
7) Torgersen T, Gjervan B, Rasmussen K. ADHD in adults: a study of clinical characteristics, impairment and comorbidity. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006; 60(1):38-43.
8) Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Klein DF, Bessler A, Shrout P. Accuracy of adult recall of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159(11):1882-8.
9) Abdelnour E, Jansen MO, Gold JA. ADHD Diagnostic Trends: Increased Recognition or Overdiagnosis? Mo Med. 2022 Sep-Oct;119(5):467-473.
10) Adult ADHD diagnosis: ‘You’ve got to relook at your entire life’. [cited 13 March 2023]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/oct/08/adult-adhd-diagnosis-youve-got-to-relook-at-your-entire-life
11) Kooij JJS, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, Jaeschke R, Bitter I, Balazs J et al. Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. Eur Psychiatry. 2019; 56:14-34.
12) Batoćanin A, Dinić BM. Preliminary psychometric characteristics of the Serbian adaptation of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: ASRS-v1.1 and ASRS-5. Psihološka istraživanja. 2020; 23(2):97-120.
13) Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007; 46(7):894-921.
14) Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 57(11):1215-20.
15) Stickley A, Koyanagi A, Takahashi H, Ruchkin V, Kamio Y. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and loneliness among adults in the general population. Res Dev Disabil. 2017; 62:115-123.
16) Green AL, Rabiner DL. What do we really know about ADHD in college students? Neurotherapeutics. 2012 Jul; 9(3):559-68.
17) Blase SL, Gilbert AN, Anastopoulos AD, Costello EJ, Hozle RH, Swartzwelder SH et al. Self-reported ADHD and adjustment in college: cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. J Atten Disord. 2009; 13:297-309.
18) Lebowitz MS. Stigmatization of ADHD: A Developmental Review. J Atten Disord. 2016; 20(3):199-205.
19) Faraone SV, Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Zheng Y, Biederman J, Bellgrove MA et al. The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021; 128:789-818.
20) Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005; 35(2):245-56.
21) Adult ADHD Self-Report Scales (ASRS). National Comorbidity Survey. [cited 20 January 2023]. Available from: https://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/ncs/asrs.php
22) Chamberlain SR, Cortese S, Grant JE. Screening for adult ADHD using brief rating tools: What can we conclude from a positive screen? Some caveats. Compr Pszchiatry. 2021; 106:e152224.
23) Adler LA, Spencer T, Faraone SV, Kessler RC, Howes MJ, Biederman J et al. Validity of pilot Adult ADHD Self- Report Scale (ASRS) to Rate Adult ADHD symptoms. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 18(3):145-8.
24) Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, Cohen S, Folkman S, Kahn RL et al. Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. Am Psychol, 1994; 49(1), 15–24.
25) Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys: Results From Two Population-Based Studies. Res Aging. 2004; 26(6):655-672.
26) Atwoli L, Owiti P, Manguro G, Ndambuki D. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptom self-report among medical students in Eldoret, Kenya. Afr J Psychiatry (Johannesbg). 2011; 14(4):286-9.
27) Montes LGA, García AOH, Garcell RJ. ADHD Prevalence in Adult Outpatients With Nonpsychotic Psychiatric Illnesses. J Atten Disord. 2007; 11:150-156.
28) Roni LR, Liad BB & Margalit M. Loneliness experience during distance learning among college students with ADHD: the mediating role of perceived support and hope, EJSNE. 2022; 37(2):220-234.