Epidemiološke determinante starenja

Aleksa Jovanović; Gorica Marić; Tatjana Pekmezović

doi:10.5937/mp75-52325

Aleksa Jovanović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Medicinski fakultet https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097
Gorica Marić Univerzitet u Beogradu, Medicinski fakultet https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2739-142X
Tatjana Pekmezović

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/mp75-52325

Ključne reči: starenje, epidemiologija, opterećenje bolestima povezanim sa starenjem, biološka starost, klasifikacija bolesti povezanih sa starenjem

Sažetak

Epidemiologija starenja je dinamična oblast koja se poslednjih decenija intenzivno razvija. Osim porasta dužine preživljavanja koji je postignut kod osoba starijih od 65 godina, epidemiološke determinante starenja uključuju i akumulaciju hroničnih zdravstvenih problema, akumulaciju izloženosti sredinskim faktorima rizika i endogenim faktorima, a svi oni su u interakciji sa biološkim odgovorom organizma koji u starijem uzrastu ima svoje specifičnosti.

Demografska kretanja na globalnom nivou su takva da svaka zemlja na svetu beleži porast populacije i porast udela starijih osoba u ukupnom stanovništvu. Smanjenje mortaliteta u starijoj populaciji je uslovilo produženje očekivane dužine života, ali se i struktura mortaliteta ove populacione grupe značajno promenila. Populacija starija od 70 godina, na globalnom nivou, najčešće umire od kardiovaskularnih bolesti, a zatim prema učestalosti slede maligne bolesti, respiratorne bolesti, Alchajmerova bolest i hronična bolest donjih disajnih puteva.

U savremenoj epidemiologiji starenja, sve veća pažnja se posvećuje konceptu biološke starosti (BS) kao značajnom prediktoru zdravlja. Tradicionalno, hronološka starost (HS) se koristila kao osnovna mera starenja, ali sve više istraživanja ukazuje na to da BS, koja uzima u obzir individualne varijacije u biološkim procesima starenja, može pružiti precizniju procenu rizika za različite ishode poput mortaliteta, obolevanja od depresije i različitih karcinoma.

Termini kao što su „bolesti povezane sa uzrastom“ ili „bolesti povezane sa starenjem“ se koriste u slučaju mnogih oboljenja, međutim, njihova upotreba nije konzistentna. Termin “bolesti povezane sa starenjem”, bi trebalo koristiti za bolesti čija učestalost nastavlja da raste sa starenjem i koje su, stoga, verovatno povezane sa ovim procesom. S druge strane, termin “bolesti povezane sa uzrastom” bi se mogao koristiti u slučaju oboljenja koje imaju najvišu incidenciju u nekom određenom uzrastu.

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