Etiology of bacterial diseases of young walnut trees in Serbia
Abstract
In the summer and autumn of 2019-2020, young walnut orchards were monitored for the presence of bacterial diseases. Diseased walnut samples comprising trunks and branches with symptoms of vertical oozing canker (VOC), walnut bacterial blight (WBB) and superficial bark necrosis were collected from eight locations in Serbia. Based on phenotypic features, pathogenicity, and molecular assays using PCR with specific primers, 49 isolates obtained from samples showing VOC and WBB symptoms were identified as Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, while further two isolates obtained from bark necrosis were identified as Brenneria rubrifaciens. One tested X. a. pv. juglandis isolate obtained from a VOC sample produced deep cankers in the bark of inoculated trunks of young walnut trees (cultivars Chandler, Franquette and Šejnovo). Therefore, this is the first report of an association between X. a. pv. juglandis and VOC symptom in Serbia. Considering that X. a. pv. juglandis significantly endangers walnut production, the presence of this pathogen
in walnut transplant imports needs to be assessed by an authorised laboratory. Furthermore, as this is also the first report of B. rubrifaciens on walnut trees in Serbia, it is noteworthy that this pathogen is not particularly harmful to young walnut trees.
References
Akca, Y., & Yilmaz, S. (2017). Walnut production in Turkey from past to present. In Kovačević, D. (ed.), Book of proceedings VIII International Scientific Agricultural Symposium “Agrosym 2017”. Jahorina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: East Sarajevo: Faculty of Agriculture.
Ausubel, F.M., Brent, R., Kingston, R.E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A., & Struhl, K. (2003). In Current protocols in molecular biology. (Vol. 1, pp 208-212). New York, USA: John Wiley.
Biosca, E.G., Gonzalez, R., Lopez-Lopez, M.J., Soria, S., Monton, C., Perez-Laorga, E., & Lopez M.M. (2003). Isolation and characterization of Brenneria quercina causal agent for bark canker and drippy nut of Quercus spp. in Spain. Phytopathology, 93, 485-492.
Biosca, E.G., & Lopez, M.M. (2012). Detection and identification methods and new tests as developed and used in the framework of COST 873 for bacteria pathogenic to stone fruits and nuts, Brenneria nigrifluens and Brenneria rubrifaciens. Journal of Plant Pathology, 94 (1, Supplement), S1.105-S1.113.
Buchner, R.P., Gilles, C., Olson, W.H., Adaskaveg, J.E., Lindow, S.E., & Koutsoukis, R. (2010). Spray timing and materials for walnut blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis, xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis) control in Northern California USA. Acta Horticulturae, 861, 457-464.
Buchner, R.P., Lindow, S.E., Adaskaveg, J.E., Gilles, C.K., & Koutsoukis, R. (2012). Walnut blight control using integrated pest management techniques. Walnut Research Reports, 329-344. Available at: http://walnutresearch.ucdavis.edu/2012/2012_329.pdf.
Fernandes, C., Blom, J., Pothier, J.F., & Tavares, F. (2018). High-quality draft genome sequence of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis CPBF 1521, isolated from leaves of a symptomatic walnut tree in Portugal without a past of phytosanitary treatment. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 7(16), e00887-18.
Freschi, C.R., Silva Carvalho, L.F.O., & Oliveira, C.J.B. (2005). Comparison of DNA-extraction methods and selective enrichment broths on the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in swine feces by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 36, 363-367.
Frutos, D. (2010). Bacterial diseases of walnut and hazelnut and genetic resources. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92 (1, Supplement), S1.79-S1.85.
Gavrilović, V., & Arsenijević, M. (1998). Etiological study of bacterial spots of walnut fruits. Zaštita bilja/Plant Protection, 49, 295-302. (in Serbian)
Giovanardi, D., Bonneau, S., Gironde, S., Fischer-Le Saux, M., Manceau, C., & Stefani, E. (2016). Morphological and genotypic features of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis populations from walnut groves in Romagna region, Italy. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 145, 1-16.
Gironde, S., Guillaumes, J. & Manceau, C. (2009). Specific detection of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis pathogen on walnut. In EPPO Conference on Diagnostics (pp 1. York, UK: Food and Environment Research Agency.
Hajri, A., Meyer, D., Delort, F., Guillaumes, J., Brin, C., & Manceau, C. (2010). Identification of a genetic lineage within Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis as the causal agent of vertical oozing canker of Persian (English) walnut in France. Plant Pathology, 59, 1014-1022.
Ivanović, Ž., Popović, T., Janse, J., Kojić, M., Stanković, S., Gavrilović, V., & Fira, Đ. (2015). Molecular assessment of genetic diversity of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis strains from Serbia by various DNA fingerprinting techniques. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 141, 133-145.
Kim, H. S., Cheon, W., Lee, Y., Kwon, H. T., Seo, S. T., Balaraju, K., & Jeon, Y. (2021). Identification and characterization of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis causing bacterial blight of walnuts in Korea. Plant Pathology Journal, 37(2), 137-151.
Lang, M.D., & Evans, K.J. (2010). Epidemiology and status of walnut blight in Australia. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92 (1, Supplement), Sl.49-Sl.55.
Lindow, S., Olson, W., & Buckner, R. (2014). Colonization of dormant walnut buds by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis is predictive of subsequent disease. Phytopathology, 104, 1163-1174.
Loreti, S., De Simone, D., & Gallelli, A. (2008). Detection and identification of Brenneria nigrifluens, the causal agent of the shallow bark canker of walnut by PCR amplification. Journal of Phytopathology, 156, 464-469.
McClean, A.E., & Kluepfel, D.A. (2009). Genetic loci involved in rubrifacine production in the walnut pathogen Brenneria rubrifaciens. Phytopathology, 99, 145-151.
McClean, A.E., Sudarshana, P., & Kluepfel, D.A. (2008). Enhanced detection and isolation of the walnut pathogen Brenneria rubrifaciens, causal agent of deep bark canker. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 122, 413-424.
Moragrega, C., Matias, J., Aleta, N., Montesinos, E., & Rovira, M. (2011). Apical necrosis and premature drop of Persian (English) walnut fruit caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis. Plant Disease, 95, 1565-1570.
Morone C., Janse, J.D., & Scortichini, M. (1998). Bark canker of Persian walnut (Juglans regia) tree incited by Erwinia nigrifluens in Italy. Journal of Phytopathology, 146, 637-639.
Ozaktan, H., Akat, S., Akkopru, A., & Yolageldi, L. (2015). Updating the information on disease problems of walnut cultivation in Turkey. In 1st European Fruit Research Institutes Network Shell Fruit Species Meeting. Budapest, Hungary: NARIC Fruitculture Research Institute.
Popović, T., Ivanović, Ž., Živković, S., Trkulja, N., & Ignjatov, M. (2013). First report of Brenneria nigrifluens as the causal agent of shallow-bark canker on walnut trees (Juglans regia) in Serbia. Plant Disease, 97(11), 1504.
Schaad N.W., Jones J.B., & Chun W., eds. (2001). Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria (3rd edition). St. Paul, MN: APS Press.
Temperini, C.V., Pardo, A.G., Pose, G.N. (2017). First report of apical necrosis in walnut cultivars from Northern Argentinean Patagonia. Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, 8(7), 1-6.
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media.
The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA). It is allowed to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and remix, transform, and build upon it for any purpose, even commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), a link to the license is provided, it is indicated if changes were made and the new work is distributed under the same license as the original.
Users are required to provide full bibliographic description of the original publication (authors, article title, journal title, volume, issue, pages), as well as its DOI code. In electronic publishing, users are also required to link the content with both the original article published in Pesticidi i fitomedicina (Pesticides and Phytomedicine) and the licence used.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.