INFLUENCE OF INHIBITORY CONTROL ON PLANNING ABILITIES IN CHILDREN WITH MILD INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Sažetak
With regard to the fact that the tendency toward unsophisticated strategies is often related to difficulties with basic components of executive functions, the aim of this research was to determine the relation between planning abilities and inhibitory control in children with mild intellectual disability (MID).
The sample included 56 children with idiopathic MID (IQ 50-70, mean=61.13, SD=7.14 years), of both genders (26/46.3% of girls), between 9.11 and 14.03 years of age (M=11.61; SD=1.29).
Go no Go Task and Day/Night Stroop Task were used for the assessment of inhibitory control (delayed response to the agreed signal, conflict provoking motor responses, and inhibition of arrogant verbal responses), while Tower of London Test (ToL) was used for the assessment of planning abilities.
Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), paired samples t-test, Pearson’s correlation, and partial correlation coefficients were used in statistical analysis of the results.
The results showed that the mistakes in Response delay set of Go-no-Go task were the only significant factor of primary Total move score variable (ToL). The influence of the ability to delay motor activity, assessed by Response delay set, on all ToL variables was statistically significant (p=0.003).
The results lead to a conclusion that, during the processes of planning and executing activities, children with MID primarily rely on simple inhibitory mechanisms.
Key words: mild intellectual disability, planning ability, inhibitory control
Reference
Asato, M. R., Sweeney, J. A., & Luna, B. (2006). Cognitive processes in the development of TOL performance. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2259‒2269.
Barrouillet, P., & Lepine, R. (2005). Working memory and children’s use of retrieval to solve addition problems. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 91, 183‒204.
Berg, W. K., & Byrd, D. L. (2002). The Tower of London spatial problem solving task: Enhancing clinical and research implementation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 586–604.
Buha, N., & Gligorović, M. (2012a). Planning ability in children with mild intellectual disability (in Serbian). Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija, 11(3), 365‒382.
Bull, R., Espy, K. A., & Senn, T. E. (2004). A comparison of performance on the Towers of London and Hanoi in young children. Journal of Child Psychology and Paychiatry, 45(4), 743‒754.
Carretti, B., Belacchi, C., & Cornoldi, C. (2010). Difficulties in working memory updating in individuals with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(4), 337–345.
Culbertson, W. C., & Zillmer, E. A. (1998). The Tower of LondonDX: A Standardized Approach to Assessing Executive Functioning in Children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13(3), 285‒301.
Culbertson, W. C., & Zillmer, E. A. (2005). Tower of London-Drexel University (TOLDX): 2nd Edition Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
Dermitzaki, I., Stavroussi, P., Bandi, M., & Nisiotou, I. (2008). Investigating ongoing strategic behaviour of students with mild mental retardation: implementation and relations to performance in a problem-solving situation. Evaluation and Research in Education, 21(2), 96‒110.
Facon, B., & Nuchadee, M. L. (2010). An item analysis of Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices among participants with Down syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(1), 243–249.
Gallagher, J. J. (1994). Teaching and learning: New models. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 171‒195.
Gerstadt, C. L., Hong, Y. J., & Diamond, A. (1994). The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 3½-7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test. Cognition, 53, 129‒153.
Gligorović, M., & Buha Đurović, N. (2014). Inhibitory control and adaptive behaviour in children with mild intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. doi: 10.1111/jir.12000.
Gligorović, M., & Buha, N. (2013a). Problem solving verbal strategies in children with mild intellectual disability (in Serbian). Specijalna edukacija i rehabilitacija, 12(1), 11‒23.
Gligorović, M., & Buha, N. (2013b). Conceptual Abilities of Children with Mild Intellectual Disability: Analysis of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Performance, Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38, 134‒140.
Goharpey, N., Crewther, D. P., & Crewther, S. G. (2013). Problem solving ability in children with intellectual disability as measured by the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices. Research in developmental disabilities, 34, 4366‒4374.
Huizinga, M, Dolan, C. V., & van der Molen, M. W. (2006). Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2017‒2036.
Kaller, C. P., Rahm, B., Spreer, J., Mader, I., & Unterrainer, J. M. (2008). Thinking around the corner: The development of planning abilities. Brain and Cognition, 67, 360‒370.
Koppenol-Gonzalez, G. V., Bouwmeester, S., & Boonstra, A. M. (2010). Understanding planning ability measured by the Tower of London: an evaluation of its internal structure by latent variable modeling. Psychological assessment, 22(4), 923.
Lehto, J. E., Juujärvi, P., Kooistra, L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003). Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 59‒80.
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Luciana, M., Collins, P. F., Olson, E. A., & Schissel, A. M. (2009). Tower of London performance in healthy adolescents: The development of planning skills and associations with self-reported inattention and impulsivity. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(4), 461‒475.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., & Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49‒100.
Numminen, H. Lehto, J. E., & Ruoppila I. (2001). Tower of Hanoi and working memory in adult persons with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 22, 373‒387.
Owen, A. M., Downes, J. J., Sahakian, B. J., Polkey, C. E., & Robbins, T. W. (1990). Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesion in man. Neuropsychologia, 28, 1021–1034.
Owen, A. M. (2005). Cognitive planning in humans: new insights from the Tower of London (ToL) task. In R. Morris & G. Ward (Eds.), The Cognitive Psychology of Planning (pp. 135‒151). Hove, England: Psychology Press.
Phillips, L. H., Wynn, K. J., Gilhooly, K. J., Sala, S. Della, & Logie, R. H. (1999). The role of memory in the Tower of London task. Memory, 7(2), 209‒231.
Pressley, M., & Hilden, K. (2006). Cognitive Strategies. In W. Damon, & R.M. Lerner (eds in chief) and D. Kuhn & R.S. Siegler (vol. eds) Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 2. Cognition, Perception, and Language, (6th edn, pp. 511‒556). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Pulos, S., & Denzine, G. (2005). Individual differences in planning behavior and working memory: A study of the Tower of London. Individual Differences Research, 3, 99–104.
Spinella, M., & Miley, W. M. (2004). Orbitofrontal function and educational attainment. College Student Journal, 38, 3, 333‒338.
Spitz, H., Webster, N., & Borys S. (1982). Further studies of the Tower of Hanoi problem-solving performance of retarded young adults and nonretarded children. Developmental Psychology, 18(6), 922‒930.
Unterrainer, J. M., Rahm, B., Kaller, C. P., Leonhart, R., Quiske, K., Hoppe-Seyler, K…Halsband, U. (2004). Planning abilities and the Tower of London: Is this task measuring a discrete cognitive function? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26(6), 846‒856.
Ward, G., & Morris, R. (2005). Introduction to The Psychology Planning. In R. Morris & G. Ward (Eds.), The Cognitive Psychology of Planning (pp. 1-34). Hove, England: Psychology Press.
Welsh, M. C., Satterlee-Cartmell, T., & Stine, M. (1999). Towers of Hanoi and London: Contribution of working memory and inhibition to performance. Brain and Cognition, 41, 231–242.
Zook, N. A., Davalos, D. B., DeLosh, E. L., & Davis, H. P. (2004). Working memory, inhibition, and fluid intelligence as predictors of performance on Tower of Hanoi and London tasks. Brain and cognition, 56(3), 286‒292.