Psychometric Validation of the Passive and Active Use Measure (PAUM) for Facebook and Instagram among a Portuguese Sample
Ključne reči:
društveni mediji, obrazovanje, aktivna upotreba, pasivna upotreba, portugalski uzorak
Sažetak
Uvod: Pojava društvenih medija temeljno je transformisala način na koji ljudi komuniciraju, premošćujući jaz između pasivne digitalne potrošnje i aktivnog angažovanja. Cilj: Ova studija ima za cilj da validira Meru pasivne i aktivne upotrebe (PAUM) za Facebook i Instagram na uzorku portugalskih ispitanika, istražujući različite načine interakcije koji obuhvataju: aktivno društveno, aktivno nedruštveno, aktivno i pasivno. Metode: Sprovedene su dve deskriptivne, presečne i kvantitativne studije, uključujući ukupno 606 učesnika (N=198 za studiju 1, N=408 za studiju 2), u dobu od 17 do 67 godina. Rezultati: Analizirana je faktorska struktura oba instrumenta, kao i njihova konvergentna i diskriminativna validnost i pouzdanost. Obe skale – PAUM-Facebook (studija 1) i PAUMInstagram (studija 2) – pokazale su robustne faktorske strukture, istaknute pouzdanim pokazateljima validnosti i pouzdanosti. Sastavljene od deset, odnosno sedam stavki, ove skale organizovane su u dve dimenzije: aktivno i pasivno. Zaključak: Ova studija potvrđuje da instrumenti PAUM poseduju snažne psihometrijske karakteristike, čineći ih vrednim alatima za procenu obrazaca korišćenja Facebooka i Instagrama u portugalskoj populaciji, sa širom primenom u budućim istraživanjima u oblasti psihologije.
Reference
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Bolaños-Medina, A., & González-Ruiz, V. (2012). Deconstructing the translation of psychological tests. Meta, 57(3), 715-739. https://doi.org/10.7202/1017088ar
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables (Vol. 210). John Wiley & Sons.
Brandtzæg, P.B. (2016). The Social Media Natives. In E. Elstad (Eds.), Digital Expectations and Experiences in Education (pp. 149-162). Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-648-4_9
Carr, C.T., & Hayes, R.A. (2015). Social Media: Defining, developing, and divining. atlantic. Journal of Communication, 23(1), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.972282
Choi, J. (2022). Do Facebook and Instagram differ in their influence on life satisfaction? A study of college men and women in South Korea. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(1), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-1-2
Coyne, S.M., Rogers, A.A., Zurcher, J.D., Stockdale, L.A., & Booth, M. (2020). Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160
de Vries, D. A., Möller, A. M., Wieringa, M. S., Eigenraam, A. W., & Hamelink, K. (2018). Social comparison as the thief of joy: Emotional consequences of viewing strangers’ Instagram posts. Media Psychology, 21(2), 222–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1267647
Escobar-Viera, C. G., Shensa, A., Bowman, N. D., Sidani, J. E., Knight, J., James, A. E., & Primack, B. A. (2018). Passive and active social media use and depressive symptoms among United States adults. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 21(7), 437–443. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0668
Eurostat. (2020). Are you using social networks? (EDN-20200630-2). Eurostat News. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20200630-2
Field, A. P. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). Sage.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fuller, C. M., Simmering, M. J., Atinc, G., Atinc, Y., & Babin, B. J. (2016). Common methods variance detection in business research. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3192-3198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.008
Gerson, J., Plagnol, A. C., & Corr, P. J. (2017). Passive and Active Facebook Use Measure (PAUM): Validation and relationship to the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.034
Grupo Marktest. (2021). Os Portugueses e as Redes Sociais 2021: Análise sobre o comportamento dos portugueses nas redes sociais. Grupo Marktest. Retrieved August 2, 2022, from https://www.marktest.com/wap/a/grp/p~96.aspx
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (2019). Inquérito à utilização de tecnologias da informação e da comunicação pelas famílias 2019 [Press release]. https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=354447559&DESTAQUESmodo=2&xlang=pt
Karim, F., Oyewande, A. A., Abdalla, L. F., Chaudhry Ehsanullah, R., & Khan, S. (2020). Social media use and its connection to mental health: A systematic review. Cureus, 12(6), e8627. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8627
Kingsbury, M., Reme, B.-A., Skogen, J. C., Sivertsen, B., Øverland, S., Cantor, N., Hysing, M., Petrie, K., & Colman, I. (2021). Differential associations between types of social media use and university students’ non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106614
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guildford Press
Krasnova, H., Wenninger, H., Widjaja, T., & Buxmann, P. (2013). Envy on Facebook: A hidden threat to users’ life satisfaction? Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2013, 92, 1-16. https://aisel.aisnet.org/wi2013/92/
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PloS one, 8(8), e69841, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Liu, D., Baumeister, R. F., Yang, C.-C., & Hu, B. (2019). Digital communication media use and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 24(5), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmz013
Masciantonio, A., Bourguignon, D., Bouchat, P., Balty, M., & Rimé, B. (2021). Don't put all social network sites in one basket: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and their relations with well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. PloS one, 16(3), e0248384, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248384
Naslund, J. A., Bondre, A., Torous, J., & Aschbrenner, K. A. (2020). Social media and mental health: Benefits, risks, and opportunities for research and practice. Journal of technology in behavioral science, 5(3), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00134-x
Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Statista Search Department (2022a, August 3rd). Facebook: number of monthly active users worldwide 2008-2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/
Statista Search Department (2022b, August 3rd). Instagram: number of global users 2020-2025. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/183585/instagram-number-of-global-users/
Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Allegrante, J. P., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2019). Active and passive social media use and symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood among icelandic adolescents. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 22(8), 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0079
Trifiro, B. (2018). Instagram Use and Its Effect on Well-Being and Self-Esteem [Unpublished master dissertation]. Bryant University
Trifiro, B. M., & Gerson, J. (2019). Social media usage patterns: Research Note regarding the lack of universal validated Measures for Active and Passive Use. Social Media + Society, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119848743
Trifiro, B. M., & Prena, K. (2021). Active Instagram use and its association with self-esteem and well-being. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(3), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000043
Ulvi, O., Karamehic-Muratovic, A., Baghbanzadeh, M., Bashir, A., Smith, J., Haque, U. (2022). Social media use and mental health: A global analysis. Epidemiologia, 3, 11–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia3010002
Valkenburg P. M. (2022). Social media use and well-being: What we know and what we need to know. Current opinion in psychology, 45, 101294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.006
Valkenburg, P. M., & Piotrowski, J. T. (2017). Social Media. In P. M. Valkenburg, & J. T. Piotrowski (Eds.), Plugged in: How media attract and affect youth (pp. 218-243). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300228090-014
Valkenburg, P. M., van Driel, I. I., & Beyens, I. (2022). The associations of active and passive social media use with well-being: A critical scoping review. New media & society, 24(2), 530-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211065425
Verduyn, P., Gugushvili, N., & Kross, E. (2021). The impact of social network sites on mental health: distinguishing active from passive use. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 20(1), 133–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20820
Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., Ybarra, O., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 144(2), 480–488. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000057
Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well‐being? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 274–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12033
Bolaños-Medina, A., & González-Ruiz, V. (2012). Deconstructing the translation of psychological tests. Meta, 57(3), 715-739. https://doi.org/10.7202/1017088ar
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables (Vol. 210). John Wiley & Sons.
Brandtzæg, P.B. (2016). The Social Media Natives. In E. Elstad (Eds.), Digital Expectations and Experiences in Education (pp. 149-162). Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-648-4_9
Carr, C.T., & Hayes, R.A. (2015). Social Media: Defining, developing, and divining. atlantic. Journal of Communication, 23(1), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2015.972282
Choi, J. (2022). Do Facebook and Instagram differ in their influence on life satisfaction? A study of college men and women in South Korea. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 16(1), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2022-1-2
Coyne, S.M., Rogers, A.A., Zurcher, J.D., Stockdale, L.A., & Booth, M. (2020). Does time spent using social media impact mental health?: An eight year longitudinal study. Computers in Human Behavior, 104, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106160
de Vries, D. A., Möller, A. M., Wieringa, M. S., Eigenraam, A. W., & Hamelink, K. (2018). Social comparison as the thief of joy: Emotional consequences of viewing strangers’ Instagram posts. Media Psychology, 21(2), 222–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1267647
Escobar-Viera, C. G., Shensa, A., Bowman, N. D., Sidani, J. E., Knight, J., James, A. E., & Primack, B. A. (2018). Passive and active social media use and depressive symptoms among United States adults. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 21(7), 437–443. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0668
Eurostat. (2020). Are you using social networks? (EDN-20200630-2). Eurostat News. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/en/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20200630-2
Field, A. P. (2017). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS Statistics (5th ed.). Sage.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fuller, C. M., Simmering, M. J., Atinc, G., Atinc, Y., & Babin, B. J. (2016). Common methods variance detection in business research. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3192-3198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.008
Gerson, J., Plagnol, A. C., & Corr, P. J. (2017). Passive and Active Facebook Use Measure (PAUM): Validation and relationship to the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 81–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.034
Grupo Marktest. (2021). Os Portugueses e as Redes Sociais 2021: Análise sobre o comportamento dos portugueses nas redes sociais. Grupo Marktest. Retrieved August 2, 2022, from https://www.marktest.com/wap/a/grp/p~96.aspx
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (2019). Inquérito à utilização de tecnologias da informação e da comunicação pelas famílias 2019 [Press release]. https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=354447559&DESTAQUESmodo=2&xlang=pt
Karim, F., Oyewande, A. A., Abdalla, L. F., Chaudhry Ehsanullah, R., & Khan, S. (2020). Social media use and its connection to mental health: A systematic review. Cureus, 12(6), e8627. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8627
Kingsbury, M., Reme, B.-A., Skogen, J. C., Sivertsen, B., Øverland, S., Cantor, N., Hysing, M., Petrie, K., & Colman, I. (2021). Differential associations between types of social media use and university students’ non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 115, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106614
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guildford Press
Krasnova, H., Wenninger, H., Widjaja, T., & Buxmann, P. (2013). Envy on Facebook: A hidden threat to users’ life satisfaction? Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2013, 92, 1-16. https://aisel.aisnet.org/wi2013/92/
Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., Shablack, H., Jonides, J., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults. PloS one, 8(8), e69841, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
Liu, D., Baumeister, R. F., Yang, C.-C., & Hu, B. (2019). Digital communication media use and psychological well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 24(5), 259-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmz013
Masciantonio, A., Bourguignon, D., Bouchat, P., Balty, M., & Rimé, B. (2021). Don't put all social network sites in one basket: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, TikTok, and their relations with well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. PloS one, 16(3), e0248384, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248384
Naslund, J. A., Bondre, A., Torous, J., & Aschbrenner, K. A. (2020). Social media and mental health: Benefits, risks, and opportunities for research and practice. Journal of technology in behavioral science, 5(3), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00134-x
Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Statista Search Department (2022a, August 3rd). Facebook: number of monthly active users worldwide 2008-2022. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/
Statista Search Department (2022b, August 3rd). Instagram: number of global users 2020-2025. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/183585/instagram-number-of-global-users/
Thorisdottir, I. E., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Allegrante, J. P., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2019). Active and passive social media use and symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood among icelandic adolescents. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 22(8), 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0079
Trifiro, B. (2018). Instagram Use and Its Effect on Well-Being and Self-Esteem [Unpublished master dissertation]. Bryant University
Trifiro, B. M., & Gerson, J. (2019). Social media usage patterns: Research Note regarding the lack of universal validated Measures for Active and Passive Use. Social Media + Society, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119848743
Trifiro, B. M., & Prena, K. (2021). Active Instagram use and its association with self-esteem and well-being. Technology, Mind, and Behavior, 2(3), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1037/tmb0000043
Ulvi, O., Karamehic-Muratovic, A., Baghbanzadeh, M., Bashir, A., Smith, J., Haque, U. (2022). Social media use and mental health: A global analysis. Epidemiologia, 3, 11–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia3010002
Valkenburg P. M. (2022). Social media use and well-being: What we know and what we need to know. Current opinion in psychology, 45, 101294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.006
Valkenburg, P. M., & Piotrowski, J. T. (2017). Social Media. In P. M. Valkenburg, & J. T. Piotrowski (Eds.), Plugged in: How media attract and affect youth (pp. 218-243). Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300228090-014
Valkenburg, P. M., van Driel, I. I., & Beyens, I. (2022). The associations of active and passive social media use with well-being: A critical scoping review. New media & society, 24(2), 530-549. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211065425
Verduyn, P., Gugushvili, N., & Kross, E. (2021). The impact of social network sites on mental health: distinguishing active from passive use. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 20(1), 133–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20820
Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., Ybarra, O., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 144(2), 480–488. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000057
Verduyn, P., Ybarra, O., Résibois, M., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2017). Do social network sites enhance or undermine subjective well‐being? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11(1), 274–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12033
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2025/03/12
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