ИСТРАЖИВАЊЕ КОРЕЛАЦИЈЕ МЕНТАЛНИХ ПОРЕМЕЋАЈА И ТЕРОРИЗМА
Ključne reči:
тероризам, насилни екстремизам, ментално здравље, менталне болести, масовне пуцњаве, насиље.
Sažetak
У раду се анализира евентуална повезаност између менталних поремећаја и тероризма /насилног екстремизма. Како је ова тема веома мало истраживана, те постоји значајна научна празнина, аутор је уз помоћ компаративне анализе постојећих емпиријских студија дошао до неколико закључака. Прво, постоји велика стигматизација особа са менталним обољењима, што утиче на стварање одређених предрасуда које повезују оболеле са насилним понашањем (што је претежно нетачно). Друго, стопа преваленције менталних обољења се код терориста не разликује значајно у односу на општу популацију. Треће, утврђени су различити ментални поремећаји код различитих врста тероризма (у зависности од идеологије). Четврто, радикализација која води ка насилном екстремизму и тероризму није ментални поремећај и не можемо је тако сагледавати. Додатни проблем у истраживању ове теме је што не постоји адекватна сарадња између медицинске струке и практичара и теоретичара који се баве P/CVERLT, те треба радити на њиховом повезивању како бисмо имали поуздане податке из ове области.
Reference
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American Psychiatric Association. 2022. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
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Bakker, Edwin. 2006. Jihadi terrorists in Europe: Their characteristics and the circumstances in
which they joined the jihad: An exploratory study. Clingendael: Netherlands Institute of International Relations
Bazex, Hélène i Mensat Jean-Yves. 2016. “Who are the French jihadists? Analysis of 12 cases
to help develop profiles and assessment of the risk of acting out”. Annales MedicoPsychologiques: 174(4).
Böckler, Nils et al. 2018. “Same but different? Developmental pathways to demonstrative
targeted attacks—Qualitative case analyses of adolescent and young adult perpetrators of targeted school attacks and jihadi terrorist attacks in Germany”. International Journal of Developmental Science: 174(4).
Corner, Emily et al. 2016. “Mental health disorders and the terrorist: A research note probing
selection effects and disorder prevalence”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 39(6).
Byman, Daniel. 2017. Can Lone Wolves Be Stopped?. Poslednji pristup: 12.02.2024.
https://www.brookings.edu/
Bazex, Hélène et al. 2017. “The mirror of hatred”. Prison treatment of radicalization: Clinical
and criminological analysis of 112 persons under court”. Annales Medico-Psychologiques: 175 (3).
Capellan, Joel. 2015. “Lone wolf terrorist or deranged shooter? A study of ideological active
shooter events in the United States, 1970–2014”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 38(6)
Collin, Clark. 2023. “Trends in Terrorism: What’s on the Horizon in 2023?” Foreign Policy
Research Institute. Poslednji pristup: 04.01.2024.
https://www.fpri.org/article/2023/01/trends-in-terrorism-whats-on-the-horizon-in-2023
Corner, Taylor et al. 2021. “Reviewing the links between violent extremism and personality,
personality disorders, and psychopathy”. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 32(3).
Corner, Emily i Gill Paul. 2015. “A false dichotomy? Mental illness and lone-actor terrorism”.
Law and Human Behavior: 39(1).
De Vogel, Vivienne et al. 2016. “Violent women: A multicentre study into gender differences in
forensic psychiatric patients”. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology: 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1102312
Dom, Schouler-Ocak et al. (2018). “Mass violence, radicalization and terrorism: A role for
psychiatric profession?”. European Psychiatry, 49.
Đorić, Marija. 2023. „Trendovi u savremenom terorizmu: izazovi i pouke“ Politička revija: 4.
Đorić, Marija. 2021. Ekstremizam i nova realnost: svet u doba koronavirusa. Beograd: Institut
za političke studije
Ganor, Boaz. 2005. „Understanding the Motivations of 'Lone Wolf' Terrorists: The 'Bathtub'
Model“. Perspectives on Terrorism: 15 (2).
Gill, Paul et al. 2021. „Systematic Review of Mental Health Problems and Violent Extremism”.
The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology: 32.
Gill, Paul et al. 2020. “Systematic Review of Mental Health Problems and Violent Extremism”,
The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology: 32 (1).
Institute for Economics Peace. 2022. Global Terrorism Index 2022. Poslednji pristup:
04.01.2024. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-terrorism-index-2022
Jasko, Katarzyna et al. (2017). “Quest for significance and violent extremism: The case of
domestic radicalization”. Political Psychology: 38(5).
Knight, Sarah et al. (2017). “Violent versus nonviolent actors: An empirical study of different
types of extremism”. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management: 4(4).
Leygraf, Norbert. 2014. “On the phenomenology of Islamic terrorist offenders”. Forensische
Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie: 8(4).
Marić Nadja et al. 2022. „Covid-19-related stressors, mental disorders, depressive and anxiety
symptoms: a cross-sectional, nationally-representative, face-to-face survey in Serbia”. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. doi: 10.1017/S2045796022000117
Merari, Ariel. 2010. Driven to death: Psychological and social aspects of suicide terrorism.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
Sarma Kiran et al. 2022. “Mental disorder, psychological problems and terrorist behaviour: a
systematic review and meta-analysis”. Campbell Syst Rev.18 (3).
Schmid, Alex. 2005. “Root Causes of Terrorism: Some Conceptual Notes, a Set of Indicators, and a
Model”. Democracy & Security: 1(2).
Merari, Ariel, et al. 2009. “Personality characteristics of “self martyrs”/“suicide bombers” and
organizers of suicide attacks”. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(1).
NCTV. (2021). Dreigingsbeeld Terrorisme Nederland. Poslednji pristup:
04.02.2024. https://www.nctv.nl/documenten/publicaties/2021/10/26/dreigingsbeeld-terrorisme-nederland-55
RAN. 2019. Extremism, Radicalisation & Mental Health: Handbook for Practitioners. Poslednji
pristup: 04.02.2024. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2019-11/ran_h-sc_handbook-for-practitioners_extremism-radicalisation-mental-health_112019_en.pdf
RAN. 2019. A mental health approach to understanding violent extremism. Poslednji pristup:
15.02.2024. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2019-07/ran_hsc_prac_mental_health_03062019_en.pdf
Ruby, Charles. 2002. “Are Terrorists Mentally Deranged?”. Analyses of Social Issues and
Public Policy: 2(1).
Schulten, Norah . 2022. “Practitioners’ perspectives on the challenges of dealing with the
interaction between mental illness and violent extremism in Countering Violent Extremism (CVE)”, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Poslednji pristup: 26.12.2023. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19434472.2022.2142268
Simi, Pete et al. (2016). “Narratives of childhood adversity and adolescent misconduct as
precursors to violent extremism: A life-course criminological approach”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency: 10(4).
Sputnik. 2024. „Herš: Obaveštajna služba SAD nije unapred znala da će upravo „Krokus” biti
meta terorističkog napada“. Poslednji pristup: 03.04.2024. https://lat.sputnikportal.rs/20240403/hers-cia-upozoravala-rusiju-na-pripremu-teroristickog-akta-u-krokusu--1170694165.html#:~:text=bile%20previ%C5%A1e%20op%C5%A1te.-,Napad%20na%20%E2%80%9EKrokus%20siti%20hol%E2%80%9C,starateljstvo%20nad%20njima%20preuzimaju%20ro%C4%91aci.
Stepanova, Ekaterina. 2021. „Terrorism in the Russian Empire” in The Cambridge History of
Terorrism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Trimbur, Amad et al. 2021. “Are radicalization and terrorism associated with psychiatric
disorders?”. A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res.: doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.002. Epub 2021 Jul 5. PMID: 34246976.
UNDP. 2022. Guidance note: Integrating Mental Health and Psychosocial Support into
Peacebuilding. New York: UNDP
Van Leyenhorst, Maarten i Andreas Ada. 2017. “Dutch Suspects of Terrorist Activity: A Study
of Their Biographical Backgrounds Based on Primary Sources”. Journal for Deradicalization: (12).
Weenink, Anton. 2015. “Behavioral problems and disorders among radicals in police
files”. Perspectives on Terrorism: 9 (2).
WHO. 20023. Investing in mental health. Poskednji pristup: 02.01.2024.
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42823/9241562579.pdf?sequence=1
Weine Eisenman et al. (2017). “Utilizing mental health professionals to help prevent the next
attacks”. International Review of Psychiatry: 29.
WHO. 2022. Mental health. Poslednji pristup: 03.01.2024. https://www.who.int/news
room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
Euronews. 2023. Lone wolf terrorists in Europe are not so lonely anymore - who is radicalising and
recruiting them?. Poslednji pristup: 05.01.2024.
https://www.euronews.com/2023/10/26/lone-wolf-terrorists-in-europe-are-not-so-lonely-anymore-who-is-radicalising-and-recruitin
VIsion of Humanity. 2023. Global Terrorism Index. Poslednji pristup: 03.01.2024.
https://www.visionofhumanity.org/maps/global-terrorism-index/#/
Radicalisation Awareness Network (RAN). Poslednji pristup: 10.02.2024. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/default/files/what-we
do/networks/radicalisation_awareness_network/about-ran/ran-h-and-sc/docs/ran_h-sc_handbook-for-practitioners_extremism-radicalisation-mental-health_112019_en.pdf
American Psychiatric Association. 2022. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders(5th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Associatio
Bakker, Edwin. 2006. Jihadi terrorists in Europe: Their characteristics and the circumstances in
which they joined the jihad: An exploratory study. Clingendael: Netherlands Institute of International Relations
Bazex, Hélène i Mensat Jean-Yves. 2016. “Who are the French jihadists? Analysis of 12 cases
to help develop profiles and assessment of the risk of acting out”. Annales MedicoPsychologiques: 174(4).
Böckler, Nils et al. 2018. “Same but different? Developmental pathways to demonstrative
targeted attacks—Qualitative case analyses of adolescent and young adult perpetrators of targeted school attacks and jihadi terrorist attacks in Germany”. International Journal of Developmental Science: 174(4).
Corner, Emily et al. 2016. “Mental health disorders and the terrorist: A research note probing
selection effects and disorder prevalence”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 39(6).
Byman, Daniel. 2017. Can Lone Wolves Be Stopped?. Poslednji pristup: 12.02.2024.
https://www.brookings.edu/
Bazex, Hélène et al. 2017. “The mirror of hatred”. Prison treatment of radicalization: Clinical
and criminological analysis of 112 persons under court”. Annales Medico-Psychologiques: 175 (3).
Capellan, Joel. 2015. “Lone wolf terrorist or deranged shooter? A study of ideological active
shooter events in the United States, 1970–2014”. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 38(6)
Collin, Clark. 2023. “Trends in Terrorism: What’s on the Horizon in 2023?” Foreign Policy
Research Institute. Poslednji pristup: 04.01.2024.
https://www.fpri.org/article/2023/01/trends-in-terrorism-whats-on-the-horizon-in-2023
Corner, Taylor et al. 2021. “Reviewing the links between violent extremism and personality,
personality disorders, and psychopathy”. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 32(3).
Corner, Emily i Gill Paul. 2015. “A false dichotomy? Mental illness and lone-actor terrorism”.
Law and Human Behavior: 39(1).
De Vogel, Vivienne et al. 2016. “Violent women: A multicentre study into gender differences in
forensic psychiatric patients”. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology: 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1102312
Dom, Schouler-Ocak et al. (2018). “Mass violence, radicalization and terrorism: A role for
psychiatric profession?”. European Psychiatry, 49.
Đorić, Marija. 2023. „Trendovi u savremenom terorizmu: izazovi i pouke“ Politička revija: 4.
Đorić, Marija. 2021. Ekstremizam i nova realnost: svet u doba koronavirusa. Beograd: Institut
za političke studije
Ganor, Boaz. 2005. „Understanding the Motivations of 'Lone Wolf' Terrorists: The 'Bathtub'
Model“. Perspectives on Terrorism: 15 (2).
Gill, Paul et al. 2021. „Systematic Review of Mental Health Problems and Violent Extremism”.
The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology: 32.
Gill, Paul et al. 2020. “Systematic Review of Mental Health Problems and Violent Extremism”,
The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology: 32 (1).
Institute for Economics Peace. 2022. Global Terrorism Index 2022. Poslednji pristup:
04.01.2024. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-terrorism-index-2022
Jasko, Katarzyna et al. (2017). “Quest for significance and violent extremism: The case of
domestic radicalization”. Political Psychology: 38(5).
Knight, Sarah et al. (2017). “Violent versus nonviolent actors: An empirical study of different
types of extremism”. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management: 4(4).
Leygraf, Norbert. 2014. “On the phenomenology of Islamic terrorist offenders”. Forensische
Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie: 8(4).
Marić Nadja et al. 2022. „Covid-19-related stressors, mental disorders, depressive and anxiety
symptoms: a cross-sectional, nationally-representative, face-to-face survey in Serbia”. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. doi: 10.1017/S2045796022000117
Merari, Ariel. 2010. Driven to death: Psychological and social aspects of suicide terrorism.
Oxford: Oxford University Press
Sarma Kiran et al. 2022. “Mental disorder, psychological problems and terrorist behaviour: a
systematic review and meta-analysis”. Campbell Syst Rev.18 (3).
Schmid, Alex. 2005. “Root Causes of Terrorism: Some Conceptual Notes, a Set of Indicators, and a
Model”. Democracy & Security: 1(2).
Merari, Ariel, et al. 2009. “Personality characteristics of “self martyrs”/“suicide bombers” and
organizers of suicide attacks”. Terrorism and Political Violence, 22(1).
NCTV. (2021). Dreigingsbeeld Terrorisme Nederland. Poslednji pristup:
04.02.2024. https://www.nctv.nl/documenten/publicaties/2021/10/26/dreigingsbeeld-terrorisme-nederland-55
RAN. 2019. Extremism, Radicalisation & Mental Health: Handbook for Practitioners. Poslednji
pristup: 04.02.2024. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2019-11/ran_h-sc_handbook-for-practitioners_extremism-radicalisation-mental-health_112019_en.pdf
RAN. 2019. A mental health approach to understanding violent extremism. Poslednji pristup:
15.02.2024. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2019-07/ran_hsc_prac_mental_health_03062019_en.pdf
Ruby, Charles. 2002. “Are Terrorists Mentally Deranged?”. Analyses of Social Issues and
Public Policy: 2(1).
Schulten, Norah . 2022. “Practitioners’ perspectives on the challenges of dealing with the
interaction between mental illness and violent extremism in Countering Violent Extremism (CVE)”, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Poslednji pristup: 26.12.2023. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19434472.2022.2142268
Simi, Pete et al. (2016). “Narratives of childhood adversity and adolescent misconduct as
precursors to violent extremism: A life-course criminological approach”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency: 10(4).
Sputnik. 2024. „Herš: Obaveštajna služba SAD nije unapred znala da će upravo „Krokus” biti
meta terorističkog napada“. Poslednji pristup: 03.04.2024. https://lat.sputnikportal.rs/20240403/hers-cia-upozoravala-rusiju-na-pripremu-teroristickog-akta-u-krokusu--1170694165.html#:~:text=bile%20previ%C5%A1e%20op%C5%A1te.-,Napad%20na%20%E2%80%9EKrokus%20siti%20hol%E2%80%9C,starateljstvo%20nad%20njima%20preuzimaju%20ro%C4%91aci.
Stepanova, Ekaterina. 2021. „Terrorism in the Russian Empire” in The Cambridge History of
Terorrism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Trimbur, Amad et al. 2021. “Are radicalization and terrorism associated with psychiatric
disorders?”. A systematic review. J Psychiatr Res.: doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.002. Epub 2021 Jul 5. PMID: 34246976.
UNDP. 2022. Guidance note: Integrating Mental Health and Psychosocial Support into
Peacebuilding. New York: UNDP
Van Leyenhorst, Maarten i Andreas Ada. 2017. “Dutch Suspects of Terrorist Activity: A Study
of Their Biographical Backgrounds Based on Primary Sources”. Journal for Deradicalization: (12).
Weenink, Anton. 2015. “Behavioral problems and disorders among radicals in police
files”. Perspectives on Terrorism: 9 (2).
WHO. 20023. Investing in mental health. Poskednji pristup: 02.01.2024.
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42823/9241562579.pdf?sequence=1
Weine Eisenman et al. (2017). “Utilizing mental health professionals to help prevent the next
attacks”. International Review of Psychiatry: 29.
WHO. 2022. Mental health. Poslednji pristup: 03.01.2024. https://www.who.int/news
room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
Euronews. 2023. Lone wolf terrorists in Europe are not so lonely anymore - who is radicalising and
recruiting them?. Poslednji pristup: 05.01.2024.
https://www.euronews.com/2023/10/26/lone-wolf-terrorists-in-europe-are-not-so-lonely-anymore-who-is-radicalising-and-recruitin
VIsion of Humanity. 2023. Global Terrorism Index. Poslednji pristup: 03.01.2024.
https://www.visionofhumanity.org/maps/global-terrorism-index/#/
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2024/05/16
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