REVERZIBILNE HIDROELEKTRANE SMANJUJU TROŠKOVE PROIZVODNJE I OBEZBEĐUJU ČISTU ENERGIJU VETRA I SUNCA

  • Gajić Aleksandar Univerzitet u Beogradu, Mašinski fakultet, Beograd

Abstract


Pretvaranje električne energije u druge oblike energije i njeno skladištenje u periodima smanjene potrošnje ili raspoložive povećane proizvodnje, kao i proizvodnja električne energije u periodima povećane potražnje ili smanjene proizvodnje, jesu od krucijalnog značaja za stabilnost i efikasnost elektroenergetskog sistema. Ovaj zahtev je posebno izražen danas zbog ekspanzije uključivanja vetrogeneratora i solarnih elektrana u elektroenergetski sistem. Ovi obnovljivi izvori su inherentno promenljivi, kako u dnevnom periodu, tako i u periodima od nekoliko dana, nedelja ili meseci. Stoga je neophodno obezbediti zamenske kapacitete i postrojenja za akumulaciju energije. Različite tehnologija se mogu koristiti za konverziju i akumulaciju električne energije, ali jedina u potpunosti razvijena raspoloživa tehnologija velikog kapaciteta je bazirana na reverzibilnim hidroelektranama. U okviru ovog rada se razmatra potencijal reverzibilnih hidroelektrana za efikasno i ekonomski prihvatljivo skladištenje električne energije proizvedene u vetroelektranama, u solarnim elektranama, protočnim hidroelektranama i iz drugih obnovljivih izvora, kao iz konvencionalnih termoelektrana, uključujući i nuklearne elektrane. Gasnoturbinska postrojenja i gasni motori zagaĎuju okolinu i utiču na klimatske promene. Za realizaciju reverzibilnih hidroelektrana se koriste reke i jezera. MeĎutim, pored ovih rešenja sa korišćenjem prirodnih pogodnosti, pojavila su se nova rešenja, kao što je korišćenje mora kao donjeg rezervoara (Japan), ili predlozi da gornji rezervoar bude površinski, a donji podzemni, korišćenjem prirodnih kaviteta ispod tla. Analize pokazuju da je opravdano investirati u reverzibilne hidroelektrane. Primeri iz svetske prakse pokazuju da se rešenje sa podzemnom mašinskom halom može otplatiti za sedam do deset godina ili čak za pet godina pri ostvarivanju mogućeg maksimalnog prihoda. Reverzibilne hidroelektrane sa površinskim akumulacijama se mogu otplatiti čak za četiri do šest godina.

References

The ASME Guide to Hydropower Mechanical Design, (Pejovic S., Co-Author), Prepared by ASME Hydro Power Technical Committee, HCI Publication, 1996 pp. 374, new edition under review.

The Economic Cost of the Blackout: An Issue Paper on the Northeastern Blackout, ICF Consulting, “Au-gust 14, 2003.” http://www.solarstorms.org/ICFBlackout2003.pdf

The Economic Impacts of the August 2003 Blackout, Prepared by the Electricity Consumers Resource 0gas%20markets%20IAAE%20Procedings.pdf

Ferreira H.L., Garde R., Fulli G., Kling W., Lopes J.P., Characterisation of electric energy storage techno-logies, Energy 53 (2011) 288-298.

Gajić A., Pejovic S., Karney B., Stevanovic V., Pumped hzdro storage reduces electricitz costs and keep wind and solar unpoluted, Energija, Ekonomija, Ekologija, UDC 621.22(497.17), pp. 32-41

Guzman H.A.R., Value of Pumped-Storage Hydro for Wind Power Integration in The British Columbia Hydroelectric System, PhD Thesis, University Of British Columbia, 2010. https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/26233/ubc_2010_fall_rivas_humberto.pdf?sequence=1

Hatch Ltd. (2010, April). OPG's Deep Geologic Repository for L&ILW - Preliminary Design Report. Retrie-ved 04 06, 2011, from The Nuclear Waste Management Organization (“NWMO”): http://www.nwmo.ca/uploads_managed/MediaFiles/1606_h333000-wp700-05-124-0001.pdf

Keil G., Germany’s Energy Supply Transformation Has Already Failed, European Institute for Climate and Energy, 2011. http://www.eike-klima-energie.eu/news-cache/germanys-green-energy-supply-transformation-has-already-failed/

Maricic T., Karney W. B., Pejovic S., Knowledge Transfer with Intention to Improve Design While Reducing Operational Expenses, VIPSI-2009 Belgrade.

Minkel JR., The 2003 Northeast Blackout--Five Years Later, Scientific American, 2008. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=2003-blackout-five-years-later

Muir J. (John Muir Trust and Stuart Young Consulting), Analysis of UK Wind Power Generation November 2008 to December 2010, National Wind Watch, April 7, 2011. http://www.wind-watch.org/documents/analysis-of-uk-wind-power-generation-november-2008-to-december-2010/

Ontario’s Long‐Term Energy Plan: Building Our Clean Energy Future 1, Ministry of Energy, IESO, March 2, 2011 http://www.ieso.ca/imoweb/pubs/consult/sac/sac-20110302-Item5_LTEP.pdf

Patrick L. A., Northeast Blackout Likely to Reduce US Earnings by $6.4 Billion, AEG Working Paper 2003-2.http://www.andersoneconomicgroup.com/Portals/0/upload/Doc544.pdf

Pejovic S., Gajic A., Karney B., Bergant B., Pumped and Hydro Storage Reduce Electricity Costs, Clean Environment and Keep Wind and Solar, Int. Conf. Thynk-Hydro.com, Resita, Romania, 2013.

Pejovic S., Karney B., Zhang Q., Kumar G., Smaller Hydro, Higher Risk, IEEE Electrical Power Conferen-ce CD Montreal 2007.

Pejovic S., Kennedy C., Karney B., Maricic T., Achieving a Comprehensive and Integrated Energy System through Electricity, IPSI-2009 Belgrade. Link:

Pejovic S., Zhang Q., Karney B., Gajic A., Key invited presentation, Analysis of Pump-Turbine “S” Instability and Reverse Waterhammer Incidents in Hydropower Systems, 4-th International Meeting on Cavitation and Dynamic Problems in Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, Belgrade, October 26-28, 2011, Links: Aarticle: IAHR WG Bgd 2011 4-th International Meeting onPub31381.pdf and http://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub31381.pdf; Presentation: IAHR WG Bgd Oct 2011 Pejovic BG KZ AG Keynote Instability Reverse WH Incidents.pdf

Shwartz M., Stanford scientists calculate the carbon footprint of grid-scale battery technologies, Stanford Report, 2013 http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/march/store-electric-grid-030513.html

Smart Generation, Powering Ontario with Renewable Energy, Report, David Suzuki Foundation, 2004. http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/downloads/2004/Smart_Generation_summary.pdf

Spears J., Ontario energy plan raises tough issues, Toronto Star, Published Nov 24 2010. http://www.thestar.com/business/companies/article/895694--ontario-energy-plan-raises-tough-issues;

Stasko R., Pejovic S. Developing The Business Case for a Pumped Storage Project In Ontario, Ministry of Energy RFI (Request for Information), 2013, Sci (Science Concepts International, 2013

Tanaka H., Benefits of pumped storage,, Advanced Sustainable Hydropower, International Hydropower Association, 2005.http://www.hydropower.org/psd/articles/benefits.html

Walawalkar, R. S., Economics of Emerging Electric Energy Storage Technologies and Demand Response in Deregulated Electricity Markets, PhD Thesis, Carnegie Mellon University, 2008.http://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ceic/theses/Rahul_Walawalkar_PhD_Thesis_2008.pdf

Walawalkar, R., Apt J., Mancini R., Economics of electric energy storage for energy arbitrage and regulati-on in New York, Carnegie Mellon Electricity Industry Center Working Paper CEIC-06-04. https://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ceic/pdfs/CEIC_06_04.pdf

Williams E., Dinorwig, the Electric Mountain, Public Relations, The National Grid Company plc, National Grid Hiuse, Summer Street, London SEI 9JU, Registered in England and Wales No2366877 (year of publication not available)

Weber T., Toll from Blackout Could Reach $2-Billion: Cfib, Be and Mail September 11, 2003 http://www.globeinvestor.com/servlet/ArticleNews/story/RTGAM/20030911/wbbiz0911

Zandt D.V., Freeman L., Zhi G., Piwko R., Jordan G., Miller N., Brower M., Ontario Wind Integration Study, Ontario Power Authority (OPA), Independent Electricity System, Operator (IESO), Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA), Final Report, EB-2007-0707, Exhibit D-5-1, Attachment 2, http://www.powerauthority.on.ca/sites/default/files/page/4536_D-5-1_Att_2.pdf

Published
2017/08/27
Section
Review Paper