CILJNA ORIJENTACIJA KAO MODEL MOTIVACIJE I SAMOPOUZDANJE TENISERA RAZLIČITIH NIVOA USPJEŠNOSTI
Sažetak
Cilj ovoga rada je bio da se utvrdi da li postoje razlike između uspješnih i manje uspješnih tenisera po pitanju njihove ciljne orijentacije i samopouzdanja, te da se ispita povezanost ova dva psihološka konstrukta. Aktivni teniseri muškog pola (N= 40), rangirani na seniorskoj rang listi Teniskog saveza Austrije, uzrasta od 18 do 26 godina, ispunili su upitnik TEOSQ-D1 (Würth, Alfermann i Saborowski, 1999), te upitnik CSI (Vealey, 1986), neposredno pred državno seniorsko prvenstvo Austrije. Nakon kategorisanja “uspješnih tenisera” – oni koji su rangirani u prvih 100 (N= 20) i “manje uspješnih” tenisera – oni koji su rangirani ispod 100-tog mjesta (N= 20), putem T-testa izvršena je analiza njihovih razlika po pitanju ciljne orijentacije i samopouzdanja, ali nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika niti za jednu od skala. Pirsonov koeficijenti za čitav uzorak je pokazao da orijentacija na zadatak značajno korelira sa sportskim samopouzdanjem kao crtom (r= 0,451; Sig.˂ 0,05), te blago korelira sa sportskim samopouzdanjem kao stanjem (r= 0,387; Sig.= 0,092), ali ta korelacije nije statistički značajna na nivou Sig.˂ 0,05. Za orijentaciju na rezultat/ego nije utvrđena značajna korelacija sa samopouzdanjem. Smjernice za buduća istraživanja zasnivaju se na kreiranju adekvatnijeg sistema za evaluaciju sportske uspješnosti, te povećanju uzorka ispitanika. To bi pripomoglo donošenju pouzdanijih zaključaka o uticaju preferencije ciljene orijentacije na samopouzdanje i uspješnost u sportu, te bi opravdalo primjenu ovoga psihološkog konstrukta u praktične svrhe.
Ključne riječi: ciljna orijentacija, sportsko-samopouzdanje, uspješnost, tenis.
Reference
Chi, L. (2004). Achievement goal theory. In T. Morris & J. Summers (Eds.), Sport psychology: Theory, applications, and issues (2nd ed., pp. 152-174). Milton, Australia: Wiley.
Covassin, T., & Pero, S. (2004) The relationship between self-confidence, mood state, and anxiety among collegiate tennis players. Journal of Sport Behavior, 27(3), 230-242.
Cumming, J., Hall, C., Harwood, C., & Gammage, K. (2002). Motivational orientations and imagery use: A goal profiling analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20, 127-136.
Duda, J.L. (1988). The relationship between goal perspectives, persistence, and behavioral intensity among male and female recreational sport participants. Leisure Sciences, 10, 95-106.
Duda, J. L. (1989). The relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among male and female high school athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 318–335.
Duda, J.L. (1992). Motivation in sport settings: A goal perspective approach. In G.C. Roberts (Ed.), Motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 57-92). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
Duda, J.L. (1996). Maximizing motivation in sport and physical education among children and adolescents: The case for greater task involvement. Quest, 48, 290-302.
Duda, J., Chi, L., Newton, M., Walling, M., & Catley, D. (1995). Task and ego orientation and intrinsic motivation in sport. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26, 40–63.
Duda, J.L., & Hall, H.K. (2001). Achievement goal theory in sport: Recent extensions and future directions. In R. Singer, H. Hausenblas, & C. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 417-443). New York: Wiley.
Duda, J.L., & Nicholls, J. (1992). Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, I-10.Dweck, C. S. (1986) Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040-1048.
Dweck,C.S. (1986). Maximising motivation in sport and physical education among children and adolescents: The case for greater task involment. Quest, 48, 290-302.
Gill, D.L. (1986). Competitiveness among females and males in physical activity class. Sex Roles, 15, 239-247.
Hardy, L. (1997). The Coleman Roberts Griffith Address: Three myths about applied consultancy work. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 277-294.
Harwood, C.G., & Treasure, D.C. (2000). Point, counter-point: Goal profiling. Newsletter for the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(1), 7-12.
Hays, K., Maynard, I., Thomas, O., & Bawden, M. (2007). Sources and types of confidence identified by world class sport performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 434-456.
Hays, K., Thomas, O., Maynard, I., & Bawden, M. (2009). The role of confidence in worldclass sport performance. Journal of Sport Sciences, 27 (11), 1185-1199.
Heckhausen, H. (1965). Leistungsmotivation. In H. Thomae (Ed.), Handbuch der Psychologie (Vol. II, S. 602 – 702). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Jagacinski, C. M., & Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Conceptions of ability and related affects in task involvement and ego involvement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 909-919.
Levy, A. R., Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, C. J. (2010). Pre-competitive confidence, coping, and subjective performance in sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sport, 21, 721-729.
Martin, J. J., & Gill, D. L. (1991). The relationships among competitive sport orientation, sport-confidence, self-efficacy, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13, 149-159.
Murray, H. A. (1938) Explorations in personality. New York: Oxford Univer. Press.
Newton, M.L., & Duda, J.L. (1999) The interaction of motivational climate, dispositional goal orientation and perceived ability in predicting indices of motivation. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 30, 63-82.
Nicholls, J. (1984). Conceptions of ability and achievement motivation. In R. Ames & C. Ames (Ed.), Research on motivation in education: Student motivation (Vol. 1, pp. 39-73). New York: Academic Press.
Nicholls, J. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Petz, B. (2004). Osnove statističke metode za nematematičare. Jastrebarsko: Naklada Slap.
Rheinberg, F. (2004); Motivation. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
Roberts, G.C. (2001). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in physical activity: The influence of achievement goals on motivational processes. In G.C. Roberts (Ed.), Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 1-50). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Solmon, M.A., & Boone, J. (1993). The impact of student goal orientation in physical education classes. Research Quarterly Exercise Sports, 64(4), 418-24.
Stephens, D. E., & Bredemeier, B. J. L. (1996). Moral atmosphere and judgments about aggression in girls’ soccer: Relationships among moral and motivational variables. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 158-173.
Treasure, D. C., & Roberts, G. C. (1994). Cognitive and affective concomitants of task and ego goal orientations during the middle school years. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16(1), 15-28.
Van Yperen, N.W., & Duda, J.L. (1999). Goal orientations, beliefs about success, and performance improvement among young elite Dutch soccer players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 9, 358-364.
Vealey, R. S. (1986). Conceptualization of sport confidence and competitive orientation: Preliminary investigation and instrument development. Journal of Sport Psychology, 8, 221-246.
Vealey, R.S. (1988). Sport-confidence and competitive orientation: An addendum on scoring procedures and gender differences. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10, 471-478.
Vealey, R. S. (2001). Understanding and enhancing self-con-fidence in athletes. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas & C. M. Janelle (Ed.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 550 –565). New York: Wiley.
Vealey, R.S., & Campbell, J.L. (1988). Achievement goals of adolescent figure skaters: Impact on self-confidence, anxiety, and performance. Journal of Adolescent Research, 3, 227-243.
Wang, C. K. J., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2001). Young people’s motivational profiles in physical activity: A cluster analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23, 1–22.
Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2003). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (3rd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
White, S.A., & Zellner, S. (1996). The relationship between goal orientation, beliefs about the causes of sport success, and trait anxiety among high school, intercollegiate, and recreational sport participants. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 58-72.
Würth, S., Alfermann, D., & Saborowski, C. (1999). Der Zusammenhang zwischen Zielorientierungen, Trainingsklima und Wertvorstellungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. In D. Alfermann & O. Stoll (Eds.), Motivation und Volition im Sport - Vom Planen zum Handeln (pp. 110-114). Köln: bps.
- Autori zadržavaju autorska prava i pružaju časopisu pravo prvog objavljivanja rada i licenciraju ga "Creative Commons Attribution licencom" koja omogućava drugima da dele rad, uz uslov navođenja autorstva i izvornog objavljivanja u ovom časopisu.
- Autori mogu izraditi zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju članka objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je članak izvorno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
- Autorima je dozvoljeno i podstiču se da postave objavljeni članak onlajn (npr. u institucionalni repozitorijum ili na svoju internet stranicu) pre ili tokom postupka prijave rukopisa, s obzirom da takav postupak može voditi produktivnoj razmeni ideja i ranijoj i većoj citiranosti objavljenog članka (Vidi Efekti otvorenog pristupa).