Relationship between increased body weight and oral health in children
Abstract
Backgraund/Aim. Increased body weight in childhood may have negative effects on many tissues and organs in the body. The aim of this study was to determine whether the state of oral health in children with increased body mass is different from the children with normal body weight. Methods. The study included 190 children, aged 6 to 15 years. Assessment of nutritional status of subjects was performed by the use of Body Mass, and the respondents were divided into a group of increased body weight children (IWC) and a group of normal body weight children (NWC). Hard dental tissue state of health was assessed by the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index. The gingival health was assessed using gingival index (GI). Community Periodontal Index (CPI) was used for the assessment of periodontal tissue. The oral hygiene was assessed using the Simplified Debris (Plaque) Index Greene-Vermilion. Results. Average DMFT value in the IWC group was 5.01 ± 2.4, and in the NWC 4.43 ± 2.0; (p > 0.05). GI values in the IWC group was 0.64 ± 0.37, while in the NWC group it was 0.55 ± 0.35 (the difference was not statistically significant). Average CPI index values were 1.33 ± 0.49 in the IWC group and 0.77 ± 0.61 in the NWC group and statistically significant differences were observed concerning periodontal tissue state of health. The GV index values in the IWC group were 1.01 ± 0.49, and in the NWC group 0.89 ± 0.45; it was not statistically significant. Conclusion. Results of this research do not indicate that children with increased body weight have more affected teeth. However, they have a worse condition of periodontal tissue in comparison to normal weight children.
References
World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a World Health Organization consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2000; 894: i–xii, 1–253.
Cali AM, Caprio S. Obesity in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93(11 Suppl 1):S31–6.
Pavlica T, Božić-Krstić V, Rakić R, Sakač D. Prevalence of over-weight and obesity in adult rural population of the northern part of Bačka and Banat. Vojnosanitet Pregled. 2012; 69(10): 833–9.
Bawadi HA, Khader YS, Haroun TF, Al-Omari M, Tayyem RF. The association between periodontal disease, physical activity and healthy diet among adults in Jordan. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46 (1): 74–81.
Costacurta M, Renzo L, Bianchi A, Fabiocchi F, De Lorenzo A, Do-cimo R. Obesity and dental caries in italian children. Eur J Pae-diatr Dent 2011; 12(2): 112–6.
Marshall TA, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Broffitt BA, Warren JJ, Levy SM. Dental caries and childhood obesity: roles of diet and so¬cioeconomic status. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007; 35(6): 449–58.
Hayden C, Bowler JO, Chambers S, Freeman R, Humphris G, Rich-ards D, et al. Obesity and dental caries in children: a systemat-ic review and meta-analysis. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013; 41(4): 289–308.
Curran AE, Caplan DJ, Lee JY, Paynter L, Gizlice Z, Shampagne C, et al. Dentists’Attitudes About Their Role in Addressing Obe¬sity in Patients. A National Survey. J Am Dent Assoc 2010; 141(11): 1307–16.
World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods. 4th edn. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997.
Löe H. The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Reten-tion Index Systems. J Periodontol 1967; 38(6):Suppl: 610–6.
Greene JC, Vermillion JR. The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index. J Am Dent Assoc 1964; 68: 7–13.
de Onis M, Martínez-Costa C, Núñez F, Nguefack-Tsague G, Mon-tal A, Brines J. Association between WHO cut-offs for child-hood overweight and obesity and cardiometabolic risk. Public Health Nutr 2013; 16(4): 625–30.
Macek MD, Mitola DJ. Exploring the association between over¬weight and dental caries among US children. Pediatr Dent 2006; 28(4): 375–80.
World Health Organization. BMI-for-age (5–19years). 2007; Avi¬alable at: www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/ en/index.html
Bastos RS, Carvalho ES, Xavier A, Caldana ML, Bastos JR, Lauris JR. Dental caries related to quality of life in two Brazil-ian ado¬lescent groups: a cross-sectional randomised study. Int Dent J 2012; 62(3): 137–43.
Markovic D, Ristic-Medic D, Vucic V, Mitrovic G, Nikolic Ivosevic J, Peric T, et al. Association between being overweight and oral health in Serbian schoolchildren. Int J Paediatr Dent 2015; 25(6): 409–17.
Honne T, Pentapati K, Kumar N, Acharya S. Relationship be-tween obesity⁄overweight status, sugar consumption and den-tal caries among adolescents in South India. Int J Dent Hyg 2012; 10(4): 240–4.
Sharma A, Hegde AM. Relationship between body mass index, caries experience and dietary preferences in children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2009; 34(1): 49–52.
Modéer T, Blomberg CC, Wondimu B, Julihn A, Marcus C. Asso-cia¬tion between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18(12): 2367–73.
Vázquez-Nava F, Vázquez-Rodríguez EM, Saldívar-González AH, Lin-Ochoa D, Martinez-Perales GM, Joffre-Velázquez VM. Asso¬ciation between obesity and dental caries in a group of pre¬school children in Mexico. Public Health Dent 2010; 70(2): 124–30.
Thippeswamy HM, Kumar N, Acharya S, Pentapati KC. Relation-ship between body mass index and dental caries among ado-lescent children in South India. West Indian Med J 2011; 60(5): 581–6.
Alm A, Fåhraeus C, Wendt LK, Koch G, Andersson-Gäre B, Birk-hed D. Body adiposity status in teenagers and snacking habits in early childhood in relation to approximal caries at 15 years of age. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008; 18(3): 189–96.
Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Auinger P, Billings RJ, Weitzman M. Car¬ies status and overweight in 2- to 18-year-old US children: findings from national surveys. Community Dent Oral Epi-demiol. 2008; 36(2): 157–67.
Granville-Garcia AF, Menezes VA, Lira PI, Ferreira JM, Leite-Caval¬canti A. Obesity and dental caries among preschool chil-dren in Brazil. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota) 2008; 10(5): 788–95.
Sadeghi M, Lynch CD, Arsalan A. Is there a correlation be-tween dental caries and body mass index-for-age among ado-lescents in Iran? Community Dent Health 2011; 28(2): 174–7.
Köksal E, Tekçiçek M, Yalçin SS, Tuğrul B, Yalçin S, Pekcan G. As¬sociation between anthropometric measurements and dental caries in Turkish school children. Cent Eur J Public Health 2011; 19(3): 147–51.
Scorzetti L, Marcattili D, Pasini M, Mattei A, Marchetti E, Marzo G. Association between obesity and periodontal disease in children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2013; 14(3): 181–4.
Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Sanchez-Perez L, Molina-Frechero N, Ve-lazquez-Alva C, Zepeda-Zepeda M,Borges-Yanez A. The relation-ship between body mass index and body fat percentage and periodontal status in Mexican adolescents. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72(1): 48–57.
Zeigler CC, Persson GR, Wondimu B, Marcus C, Sobko T, Modéer T. Microbiota in the oral subgingival biofilm is associated with obesity in adolescence. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20(1): 157–64.