ALCHAJMEROVA BOLEST: EPIDEMIOLOŠKE KARAKTERISTIKE I PREVENCIJA
Sažetak
Alchajmerova bolest (AB) je progresivna neurodegenerativna bolest mozga koja predstavlja veliki javnozdravstveni izazov. U svetu, prema podacima za 2018. godinu, procenjen broj ljudi koji živi sa AB je bio najmanje 50 miliona. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama (SAD), prema podacima za 2021. godinu, čak 6,2 miliona ljudi uzrasta 65 i više godina živi sa AB. U poslednjih 20 godina, AB se 145,2% češće prijavljuje kao uzrok smrti, delom zbog toga što se uzrok smrti preciznije utvrđuje, a najviše zbog toga što je učestalost AB sve veća usled starenja populacije. Na osnovu broja izgubljenih godina „zdravog“ života (engl. Years of Life Lost - YLL) AB je četvrti, a prema izgubljenim godinama života sa nesposobnošću određene težine i trajanja (engl. Years of Life with Disability - YLD) devetnaesti, a prema zbirnom indikatoru DALY-ju (godine života korigovanе u odnosu na nesposobnost, engl. Disability Adjusted Life Years - DALY) šesti vodeći uzrok opterećenja američke populacije bolestima u 2016. godini. Nemodifikujući faktori rizika za nastanak AB su starosna dob, genetika, pozitivna porodična istorija, dok su modifikujući faktori rizika pušenje, dijabetes, gojaznost u srednjoj životnoj dobi, hipertenzija, prehipertenzija, povišene vrednosti holesterola, nedovoljna fizička aktivnost, nezdrava ishrana, kraće formalno obrazovanje, nizak nivo mentalne stimulacije na poslu, trauma mozga, loš san, zloupotreba alkohola i oštećenje sluha. Procenjuje se da se redukcijom modifikujućih faktora rizika može sprečiti ili odložiti 40% slučajeva Alchajmerove demencije (AD). Biomarkeri koji mogu da se koriste u cilju identifikovanja ove bolesti su beta-amiloidni protein koji formira beta-amiloidni plak, abnormalni tau protein koji se akumulira u neuronima, i postojanje inflamacije i atrofije mozga. Dok čekamo da istraživači pronađu lek za ovu bolest, važno je podizati svest o dostupnim skrining metodama za rano otkrivanje AB, kao i o mogućnostima prevencije.
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