POREKLO ĆELIJA ENTERIČKOG NERVNOG SISTEMA I PUTEVI MIGRACIJE TOKOM EMBRIONALNOG RAZVOJA
Sažetak
Enterički nervni sistem (ENS) predstavljen je kompleksnom mrežom neurona, glijalnih i drugih ćelija unutar zida digestivne cevi. ENS ostvaruje brojne, vitalno važne funkcije u našem organizmu. Tako, ENS reguliše motilitet digestivnog trakta, sekreciju u lumen creva, razmenu tečnosti i elektrolita kroz sluznicu, kao i perfuziju sluznice. Da bi pravilno funkcionisao i ostvarivao ove važne funkcije, neophodan je pravilan embrionalni razvoj ENS. Ćelije ENS nastaju od prekursorskih ćelija poreklom od nervnog grebena. Dve populacije koje doprinose najvećem broju budućih ćelija ENS jesu ćelije vagalnog i sakralnog dela nervnog grebena. Prekursorske ćelije vagalnog dela nervnog grebena ulaze u primitivno crevo u regionu budućeg jednjaka (prednje crevo) i započinju svoju migraciju, preko srednjeg, ka zadnjem crevu, odnosno ka budućem analnom otvoru. Ćelije sakralnog dela nervnog grebena ulaze u region zadnjeg creva prateći ekstrinzička nervna vlakna i nastavljaju svoju migraciju rostralno, ka ćelijama poreklom od vagalnog dela nervnog grebena. Uporedo sa procesom migracije, prekursorske ćelije prolaze i kroz druge važne procese, kao što su proliferacija, neuro-glijalna diferencijacija, gangliogeneza i stvaranje aksonskih puteva, kao i sinaptogeneza. Svi ovi procesi strogo su regulisani brojnim signalnim putevima, od kojih se mnogi još uvek aktivno istražuju. Savremena dostignuća u nauci omogućila su praćenja pojedinačnih ćelija na razvojnom putu i druge metode u istraživanju koje će značajno doprineti razumevanju embrionalnog razvoja ENS. Ovo može imati reperkusije u poboljšanju dijagnostike i terapije razvojnih (npr. Hiršprungova bolest) i drugih poremećaja ENS, ali i oboljenja u kojima disfunkcija ENS značajno doprinosi patogenezi.
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