Prediction of Burnout and Work Engagement of Teachers Based on Job Demands–Resources Model
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between elements of the JD-R Model in a sample of teachers from the Republic of Serbia. The sample consisted of 119 teachers who have been working in primary and secondary schools. Work overload was measured by the Workload Scale (Shirom et al., 2010), emotional demands and social support of chiefs were examined by appropriate parts of the Questionnaire on the Experience and Assessment of Work (Van Veldhoven & Meijman, 1994), burnout at work was measured using the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), engagement was tested by the UWES – Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004). The results showed statistically significant correlations between work overload, on the one hand, and burnout (r = .570, p <0.01), job engagement (r = -. 291, p <0.01), on the other hand. Correlations were also established between emotional demands, on the one hand, and burnout (r = .513, p <0.01), job engagement (r = -. 185, p <0.05), on the other hand. Statistically significant correlations were found between peer support, on the one hand, and burnout (r = -. 253, p <0.01), job engagement (r = .290, p <0.01) on the other hand. Correlations between support of chiefs, on the one hand, and burnout (r = -. 304, p <0.01), job engagement (r = .156, p <0.05) were also established on the other hand. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between burnout and job engagement (r = -. 598, p <0.01). The results confirmed the assumptions of the JD-R model: 1. an energetic process of wearing out in which high job demands (work overload and emotional demands) exhaust employees’ mental and physical resources, therefore, lead to burnout; and 2. a motivational process in which job resources (social support of colleagues and chiefs) foster work engagement.
References
Ahmad, J., Siti Saffardin, F., Teoh, K. (2021). Do Job Demands-Resources Model Affect Burnout among Penang Preschool Teachers?. Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences, 7(1), 60–63.
Altunel, M., Kocak, O., Cankir, B. (2015). The Effect of Job Resources on Work Engagement: A Study on Academicians in Turkey. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 15(2), 409–417.
Baka, L. (2015). Does Job Burnout Mediate Negative Effects of Job Demands on Mental and Physical Health in a Group of Teachers? Testing the Energetic Process of Job Demands-Resources Model. International Journal of Occupational Medicine & Environmental Health, 28(2), 335–346.
Bakker, A. (2014). The Job Demands-Resources Questionnaire. Rotterdam: Erasmus.
Bakker, A. & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources Model: State of the Art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328.
Bakker, A. & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job Demands-Resources Theory: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 273–285.
Bakker, A. & Xanthopoulou, D. (2013). Creativity and Charisma among Female Leaders: The Role of Resources and Work Engagement. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(14), 2760–2779.
Bakker, A., Demerouti, E., Taris, T., Schaufeli, W., Schreurs, P. (2003). A Multi-Group Analysis of the Job Demands-Resources Model in Four Home Care Organizations. International Journal of Stress Management, 10(1), 16–38.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Euwema, M. (2005). Job Resources Buffer the Impact of Job Demands on Burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170–180.
Boyd, C. et al. (2011). A Longitudinal Test of the Job Demands-Resources Model among Australian University Academics. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60(1), 112–140.
Collie, R. & Martin, A. (2017). Teachers’ Sense of Adaptability: Examining Links with Perceived Autonomy Support, Teachers’ Psychological Functioning, and Students’ Numeracy Achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 55(3), 29–39.
Collie, R., Granziera, H., Martin, A. (2018). Teachers’ Perceived Autonomy Support and Adaptability: An Investigation Employing the Job Demands-Resources Model as Relevant to Workplace Exhaustion, Disengagement, and Commitment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 74, 125–136.
Crawford, E., LePine, B., Rich, L. (2010). A Theoretical Extension and Meta-Analytic Test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834–848.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A., Nachreiner, F., Schaufeli, W (2001). The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 499–512.
Dicke, T., Stabner, F., Linninger, C., Kunter, M., Leutner, D. (2018). A Longitudinal Study of Teachers Occupational Well-Being: Applying the Job Demands-Resources Model. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(2), 262–277.
Dixit, A. & Upadhyay, Y. (2021). Role of JD-R Model in Upticking Innovative Work Behaviour among Higher Education Faculty. RAUSP Management Journal, 56(2), 156–169.
Hakanen, J., Bakker, A., Schaufeli, W. (2006). Burnout and Work Engagement among Teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(4), 495–513.
Han, J., Yin, H., Wang, J., Zhang, J. (2020). Job Demands and Resources as Antecedents of University Teachers’ Exhaustion, Engagement and Job Satisfaction. An International Journal of Experimental Educational Psychology, 40(3), 233–242.
Høigaard, R., Giske, R., Sundsli, K. (2012). Newly Qualified Teachers’ Work Engagement and Teacher Efficacy Influences on Job Satisfaction, Burnout, and the Intention to Quit. European Journal of Teacher Education, 35(3), 347–357.
Maslach, C., Jackson, E., Leiter, P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. Mountain View, CA: CPP, Inc.
Mudrak, J. et al. (2018). Occupational Well-Being among University Faculty: A Job Demands-Resources Model. Research in Higher Education, 59(3), 325–348.
Rey, L., Extremera, N., Pena, M. (2012). Burnout and Work Engagement in Teachers: Are Sex and Level Taught Important?. Ansiedad y Estrés, 18(2/3), 119–129.
Roslan, N., Ann Ho, J., Imm Ng, S., Sambasivan, M. (2015). Job Demands & Job Resources: Predicting Burnout and Work Engagement among Teachers. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 84(1), 138–145
Roslan, N., Ho, J., Ng, S., Sambasivan, M. (2015). Job Demands & Job Resources: Predicting Burnout and Work Engagement among Teachers. International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research, 84(2), 123–130.
Schaufeli, W. & Bakker, A. (2004). Job Demands, Job Resources and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multisample Study. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 25(3), 293–315.
Shahnawaz, M. & Baig, A. (2018). Impact of Job Demands-Resources Model on Burnout and Employee's Well-Being: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Organisations of Karachi. IIMB Management Review, 30(2), 119–133.
Shirom, A., Vinokur, A., Nirel, N. (2010). Work Hours and Caseload as Predictors of Physician Burnout: The Mediating Effects by Perceived Workload and by Autonomy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 59(4), 539–565.
Skaalvik, E. & Skaalvik, S. (2009). Does School Context Matter? Relations with Teacher Burnout and Job Satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25, 518–524.
Skaalvik, E. & Skaalvik, S. (2011). Teachers’ Feeling of Belonging, Exhaustion, and Job Satisfaction: The Role of School Goal Structure and Value Consonance. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24(4), 369–385.
Skaalvik, E. & Skaalvik, S. (2015). Job Satisfaction, Stress and Coping Strategies in the Teaching Profession—What Do Teachers Say?. International Education Studies, 8(3), 181–192.
Skaalvik, E. & Skaalvik, S. (2018). Job Demands and Job Resources as Predictors of Teacher Motivation and Well-Being. Social Psychology of Education, 21(5), 1251–1275.
Sokal, L. J., Eblie Trudel, L. G., Babb, J. C. (2020). Supporting Teachers in Times of Change: The Job Demands-Resources Model and Teacher Burnout during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 3(2), 67–74.
Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Van Veldhoven, M. & Meijman, T. F. (1994). Het meten van psychosociale arbeidsbelasting met een vragenlijst: De Vragenlijst Beleving en Beoordeling van de Arbeid (The Measurement of Psychosocial Strain at Work: The Questionnaire Experience and Evaluation of Work). Amsterdam: NIA.
Vassos, M., Nankervis, K., Skerry, T., Lante, K. (2013). Work Engagement and Job Burnout within the Disability Support Worker Population. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 34, 3884–3895.
The details about the publication policy, including copyright and licensing, are available at: