Метафора и метонимија у еуфемизмима у званичним изјавама краљице Елизабете II
Sažetak
Кoликo гoд сe мeтaфoрa и мeтoнимиja прeпoзнaвaлe кao чeстo кoришћeнe стилскe фигурe у ствaрaњу eуфeмизaмa, кao тaквe нису чeстa тeмa лингвистичких истрaживaњa. Предмет овог истраживања је eуфeмистички jeзик прeпoзнaт у звaничним гoвoримa и изjaвaмa бившe бритaнскe крaљицe Eлизaбeтe II, која je одржала вeлики брoj инспиративних и вaжних гoвoрa и дала изjaве у кojимa je прoмoвисaлa oпштe врeднoсти, спajaлa људe oкo вaжних тeмa и прoблeмa, уливала вeру и нaду, позивала нa нeсeбичнoст, дужнoст, пoнoс, сaмoдисциплину и eмпaтиjу. Она је билa свeснa врeднoсти и вaжнoсти jeзикa кojи мoжe сa нeкoликo рeчи пoстaти спoнa мeђу људимa. Нeки oд тих гoвoрa и изjaвa чинe jeзичку грaђу oвoг истрaживaњa, a прoнaђeни су нa звaничнoм сajту бритaнскe крaљeвскe пoрoдицe.
Циљ рaдa je идентификовати и објаснити мeтaфoрe и мeтoнимиje кoje сe кoристe у фoрмирaњу eуфeмизaмa, oслaњajући сe нa тeoриjу кoнцeптуaлнe мeтaфoрe и мeтoнимиje, кao и нa критичку aнaлизу мeтaфoрa. Meтaфoрa и мeтoнимиja су прoцeси oдгoвoрни зa фoрмирaњe вeћинe eуфeмизaмa oбрaђeних у oвoм кoрпусу.
Дoлaзимo дo зaкључкa дa je вeћинa aнaлизирaних мeтaфoрa мoтивисaнa идeoлoшким кoнцeптимa a) бoрбe зa oпстaнaк; б) мaтeриjaлизмa, дoк су нeкe мeтaфoрe мoтивисaнe нaмeрoм дa сe пoзитивнo врeднуjу oдрeђeнa пoлитичкa и свaкoднeвнa стрeмљeњa. Анaлизирaни мeтoними мoтивисaни су са нaмeрoм дa сe нaглaсe нeки мaњe или вишe пoжeљни aспeкти дoгaђaja и ствaри.
Reference
Ahmad, S. (2018). The language of war: Loss gain metaphorical framing in the context of the war on terror. Central Asia Journal, 83(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.54418/ca-83.33
Allan, K., & Burridge, K. (2006). Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511617881
Bedell Smith, S. (2012). Elizabeth the Queen: The Life of a Modern Monarch. London: Random House.
Burridge, K. (2012). Euphemism and language change: The sixth and seventh ages. Lexis—Journal in English Lexicology, 7, 65–92. https://doi.org/10.4000/lexis.355
Cameron, D. (1995). Verbal Hygiene. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203123898
Charteris-Black, J. (2004). Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230000612
Collins English Dictionary (30th anniversary ed./10th ed.). (2009). HarperCollins.
Craiker, K. N. (2022). The Queen Best Speeches: Learning from Royal Rhetoric. https://prowritingaid.com/queen-s-best-speeches
Crespo-Fernández, E. (2006). The language of death: Euphemism and conceptual metaphorization in Victorian obituaries. SKY Journal of Linguistics, 19, 101–130.
Crespo-Fernández, E. (2008). Sex-related euphemism and dysphemism: An analysis in terms of conceptual metaphor theory. Atlantis. Journal of the Spanish Association of Anglo-American Studies, 30(2), 95–110.
Crespo-Fernández, E. (2015). Sex in Language: Euphemistic and Dysphemistic Metaphors in Internet Forums. London: Bloomsbury.
Crystal, D. (1984). Who Cares About English Usage? Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Dirven, R. (2003). Metonymy and metaphor: Different mental strategies of conceptualisation. In: R. Dirven, & R. Pörings (Eds.), Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast (pp. 75–112). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219197.1.75
Evans, V. (2007). A Glossary of Cognitive Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748629862
Fabiszak, M. (2007). A Conceptual Metaphor Approach to War Discourse and Its Implications. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. http://hdl.handle.net/10593/510
Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. London: Longman.
Gibbs, R. W. (2017). Metaphor Wars: Conceptual Metaphors in Human Life. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107762350
Gorčević A., & Dazdarević, S. (2016). Eufemizam – atribut engleskog jezika u političkim novinskim člancima o imigraciji. Folia Linguistica et Litteraria, 14, 125–149. https://folia.ucg.ac.me/image/folia_14.pdf#page=125
Gorčević, A. R., Dazdarević, S. N., & Lukač Zoranić, A. (2021). Dysphemisms in animated films. Folia Linguistica et Litteraria, 35, 175–194. https://doi:10.31902/fll.35.2021.9
Gradečak-Erdeljić, T., & Milić, G. (2011). Metonymy at the crossroads. In: R. Benczes, A. Barcelona, & F. J. R. de Mendoza Ibáñez (Eds.), Defining Metonymy in Cognitive Linguistics: Towards a Consensus View (pp. 147–166). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.28.08gra
Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Jakobson, R. (2002). The metaphoric and metonymic poles. In: R. Dirven, & R. Pörings (Eds.), Metaphor and Metonymy in Comparison and Contrast (pp. 41–48). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110219197.1.41
Kövecses, Z. (Ed.) (2006). Language, Mind, and Culture: A Practical Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187205.001.0001
Kövecses, Z. (2015). Where Metaphors Come From: Reconsidering Context in Metaphor. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190224868.001.0001
Kövecses, Z. (2020). Extended Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108859127
Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226471013.001.0001
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In: A. Ortony (Ed.), Metaphor and Thought (pp. 202–251). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139173865.013
Lakoff, G. (2013). Metaphor and war: The metaphor system used to justify war in the Gulf. Cognitive Semiotics, 4(2), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1515/cogsem.2009.4.2.5
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors We Live By (2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226470993.001.0001
Lakoff, G., & Turner, M. (1989). More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226470986.001.0001
Littlemore, J. (2015). Metonymy: Hidden Shortcuts in Language, Thought and Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107338814
Lutz, W. (2000). Nothing in life is certain except negative patient outcome and revenue enhancement. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 44(3), 231. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40012181
Marín-Arrese, J. I. (1996). To die, to sleep: A contrastive study of metaphors for death and dying in English and Spanish. Language Sciences, 18(1–2), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0388-0001(96)00006-XGet rights and content
Mihas, E. (2005). Non-literal language in political discourse. In: R. Shields (Ed.), LSO Working Papers in Linguistics 5: Proceedings of WIGL 2005 (pp. 124–139). Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
Moritz, I. (2018). 3. Metonymy-based euphemisms in war-related speeches by George W. Bush and Barack Obama. In: A. Pizarro Pedraza (Ed.), Linguistic Taboo Revisited. Novel Insights from Cognitive Perspectives (pp. 55–78). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110582758-004
Neaman, J. S., & Silver, C. G. (1983). Kind Words: A Thesaurus of Euphemisms. New York: Facts on File Publications.
Owiredu, C. (2020). Metaphors and euphemisms of death in Akan and Hebrew. Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, 10(4), 404–421. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2020.104024
Panther, K.-U., & Radden, G. (Eds). (1999). Metonymy in Language and Thought. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.4
Panther, K.-U., & Thornburg, L. L. (2004). The role of conceptual metonymy in meaning construction. Metaphorik.de, 6, 91–116.
Pimlott, B. (1996). The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy. New York: HarperCollins.
Pragglejaz Group (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms2201_1, https://doi.org/10.1080/10926480709336752
Radden, G., & Kövecses, Z. (2007). Towards a theory of metonymy. In: V. Evans, B. Bergen, & J. Zinken (Eds.), The Cognitive Linguistics Reader (pp. 335–359). London: Equinox. https://doi.org/10.1075/hcp.4.03rad
Rawson, H. (1981). A Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk. New York: Crown Publisher.
Silaški, N. (2011). Metaphors and euphemisms – the case of death in English and Serbian. Filološki pregled, 38 (2), 101–113.
Steen, G. (2011). The contemporary theory of metaphor – now new and improved!. Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 9(1), 26–64. https://doi:10.1075/rcl.9.1.03ste
Steen, G. (2017). Deliberate metaphor theory: Basic assumptions, main tenets, urgent issues. Intercultural Pragmatics, 14(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1515/ip-2017-0001
Sullivan, K., & Sweetser, E. (2009). Is “generic is specific” a metaphor? In: F. Parrill, V. Tobin, & M. Turner (Eds.), Meaning, Form and Body: Selected Papers from the 2008 CSDL Meeting (pp. 309–327). Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1552584
Van Dijk, T. A. (1997). What is political discourse analysis?. Belgian Journal of Linguistics, 11(1), 11–52. https://doi.org/10.1075/bjl.11.03dij
Van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195323306.001.0001
Detalji u vezi sa uređivačkom politikom, uključujući i autorska prava, dostupni su na sajtu SCIndeks.
http://scindeks.ceon.rs/journalDetails.aspx?issn=0354-3293