MATERIAL POSITION OF JUDGES AND JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE: AN EXAMPLE OF A DECISION OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SLOVENIA

  • Aleksa Damnjanović Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu
Keywords: judicial independence, judicial salaries, remuneration, judiciary, judicial organization law, constitutional law

Abstract


Material position of the judges is one element of the personal independence of judges. Judicial salaries should be determined in a way they correspond to the dignity and responsibility of judicial profession, but at the same time to protect judges from pressure on decision-making which could jeopardize their independence and impartiality. The first part of the article considers material position of the judges and judicial independence. In the second part is shortly represented material position of judges in Serbian law. The third part of the paper is dedicated to the decision of the Constitutional Court of Slovenia U-I-772/21 of 01.06.2023. in which this court has dealt with this issue, considering it from the perspective of the judicial independence, but also from perspective of the separation of powers.

Author Biography

Aleksa Damnjanović, Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu

PhD candidate, teaching associate,

Faculty of Law, University of Niš

Holder of the scholarship  of the Ministry of Science, Technological Developement and Innovation of Republic of Serbia

References

Bataljević Dragan, „Sociološko-pravni aspekt nezavisnosti sudske funkcije u SR Jugoslaviji“, Pravni život 12/1997, 21-33.
Belloff QC Michael J, „Paying Judges: Why, Who, Whom, How Much? Neill Lecture 2006“, The Denning Law Journal vol. 18, no. 1/2006, 1-35.
Vučetić Slobodan, „Pretpostavke nezavisnosti i samostalnosti sudova i sudija“, Pravni život 12/1997, 5-19.
Друштво судија Србије, Истраживање професионалног интегритета судија, Београд 2023.
Entin Jonathan L., „Getting What You Pay For: Judicial Compensation and Judicial Independence“, Utah Law Review 1/2011, 25-44.
Ивошевић Зоран, „Судство у Србији“, Правац промена: грађански парламент Србије, (Д. Нешић, et. al), Београд 2000, 57-80.
International Commission on Jurists (ICJ), International Principles on the Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and Prosecutors – Practicioners Guide No. 1, Geneva 2007.
Jaklič Klemen, Sodničke plače: neizvršitev odločbe Ustavnega sodišča in vprašanje stopnjavanja sankcij, 2024, https://www.iusinfo.si/medijsko-sredisce/kolumne/sodniske-place-neizvrsitev-odlocbe-ustavnega-sodisca-in-vprasanje-stopnjevanja-sankcij-312628, 15.11.2025.
Knežević Bojović Ana, Analiza radnopravnog položaja sudija, sudijskih saradnika i zaposlenih u pravosuđu u pravnom sistemu Srbije, 2022, http://ricl.iup.rs/1398/, 07.10.2025.
Knežević Bojović Ana, Etička dimenzija sudske samouprave u Srbiji, Beograd 2025.
Langseth Petter, Stolpe Oliver, „Strenghtening the Judiciary Against Corruption“, CIJL Yearbook 2000: Strenghtening Judicial Independence – Eliminating Judicial Corruption (ed. Robert D. Nicholson), Geneva 2000, 53-71.
Pajvančić Marijana, Ustavno pravo: ustavne institucije, Novi Sad 2007.
Perović Slobodan, „Independence of the Judiciary“, Private Law Reform in South East Europe: Liber Amicorum Christa Jessel-Holst (eds. Mirko Vasiljević et. al), Belgrade 2010, 247-262.
Rosenn Keith S., „The Protection of Judicial Independence in Latin America“, Inter-American Law Review vol. 19, 1/1987, 1-35.
Pravna mreža za varstvo demokracije, Kronologija odločb Ustavnega sodišča o (ne)ustavnosti sodniških plač, 2024, https://pravna-mreza.si/objave/kronologija-odlocb-ustavnega-sodisca-o-neustavnosti-sodniskih-plac/, 15.08.2025.
Stevanović Ana, „Neopravdana diskriminacija sudija prekršajnih sudova u Republici Srbiji“, Sveske za javno pravo 25/2016, 73-78.
Стојановић Драган, Уставно право, Ниш, 2013.
The Slovenia Times, Judges escalate protest over pay, https://sloveniatimes.com/40133/judges-escalate-protest-over-pay, 15.11.2025.
Uzelac Alan, „Judicial Independence in the Context of the Organisation of the Judiciary – Part 1: Recruitment, Remuneration and Retirement“, Judicial Independence in the Third Millenium – XVII World Congress of Procedural Law (eds. Eduardo Oteiza, Giovanni Priori Posada), Lima 2023, 142-163.
Feld Lars P., Voigt Stefan, „Making Judges Independent – Some Proposalas Regarding the Judiciary, CESIFO Working Paper No. 1260 – Category 2: Public Choice”, August 2004, https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp1260.pdf, 12.11.2025.
Webb Gregg G., Whittington Keith E., „Judicial Independence, the Power of the Purse, and Inherent Judicial Powers“, Judicature vol. 88, no. 1, July-August 2004, 12-19.
Остала истраживачка грађа
Constitutional Court of Slovenia, Decision U-I-772/21, 01 June 2023, https://www.us-rs.si/en/case-law/decisions/u-i-77221, 16.11.2025.
Constitutional Court of Slovenia, Supplementary decision and order U-I-8/24, 30 May 2024, https://www.us-rs.si/en/case-law/decisions/u-i-824, 16.11.2025.
European Commission for the Efficency of Justice (CEPEJ), European judicial systems – CEPEJ Evaluation Report, 2024 Evaluation cycle (2022 data), Part 1: General analysis, 2024, https://rm.coe.int/cepej-evaluation-report-part-1-en-/1680b272ac, 07.10.2025.
Закон о буџету Републике Србије за 2021. годину, Сл. гласник РС, бр. 149/2020, 40/2021, 100/2021.
Закон о буџету Републике Србије за 2022. годину, Сл. гласник РС, бр. 110/2021, 125/2022.
Закон о буџету Републике Србије за 2023. годину, Сл. гласник РС, бр. 138/2022, 75/2023.
Закон о буџету Републике Србије за 2024. годину, Сл. гласник РС, бр. 92/2023, 79/2024.
Закон о буџету Републике Србије за 2025. годину, Сл. гласник РС, бр. 94/2024.
Закон о судијама, Сл. гласник РС, бр. 10/2023.
International Bar Assotioation (IBA) Minimum Strandards of Judicial Independence, 1982, https://www.ibanet.org/MediaHandler?id=bb019013-52b1-427c-ad25-a6409b49fe29, 13.11.2025.
Комитет министара Савета Европе, Препорука CM/Rec(2010)12 Комитета министара државама чланицама о судијама: независност, делотворност и одговорности, https://vss.sud.rs/storage/Preporuka%20CM-Rec%282010%2912%20Komiteta%20ministara%20drzavama%20clanicama%20o%20sudijama%20-%20%20nezavisnost%2C%20delotvornost%20i%20odgovornosti.pdf, 13.11.2025.
Консултативно веће европских судија (КВЕС), Мишљење бр. 1 (2001) о стандардима везаним за независност судија и сталност судијске функције – Препорука бр. R (94) 12 о независности, ефикасности, и улози судија, и о значају његових стандарда и осталих међународних стандарда за проблеме који постоје у овој области, KVES (2001) OP No°1, https://rm.coe.int/ccje-opinion-no-1-serbian/1680a1ca6d, 13.11.2025.
The United States Constitution, https://constitutioncenter.org/the-constitution/full-text, 07.11.2025.
UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judicary, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/basic-principles-independence-judiciary, 12.11.2025.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Commentary on the Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct https://www.unodc.org/conig/uploads/documents/publications/Otherpublications/Commentry_on_the_Bangalore_principles_of_Judicial_Conduct.pdf, 13.11.2025.
Council of Europe Committee of Ministers, Recommendation no. R (94) 12 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Independence, Efficency and Role of Judges, https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/d67e7z/pdf, 06.12.2025.
Council of Europe, European Charter on the statute for judges, DAJ/DOC (98) 23, https://rm.coe.int/090000168092934f, 13.11.2025.
Published
2026/02/11
Section
Review Paper