English Dugoročno staranje o socijalno ugroženima u Kini
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English
Sažetak
China is entering a stage of rapid ageing development. Due to its large population base and the implementation of the one-child policy for more than 30 years, China is ageing faster than other countries, with a larger number of elderly people and facing more urgent problems of elderly care and traditional home care is no longer sustainable which increasing the need for long-term care.
China began exploring long-term care with the "Long-Term Medical Care Insurance System" in Qingdao in 2012. In 2016, pilot cities were initiated in 15 regions, expanding to 49 cities in September 2020 with the issuance of a directive for expansion. However, to date, there is no unified long-term care system at the national level and no long-term care law has been established as a legal safeguard. Even though everyone may need long-term care, based on the current coverage of the Chinese long-term care system, this paper will focus on elderly people.
The purpose of this paper is to sort out the development status and problems of China's long-term care system in the past ten years. The following two questions will be answered: 1. What is the current status of Chinese Long-term care? and 2. What are the concerns of the Chinese Long-term care system?
Reference
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23. 荆涛.长期护理保险研究[D].对外经济贸易大学,2005.Jing Tao. Research on long-term care insurance [D]. University of International Business and Economics, 2005.
24. 景跃军、 李涵等: 《我国失能老人数量及其结构的定量预测分析》， 载 《人口学刊》 2017 年第 6 期， 第 88 页. Jing Yuejun, Li Han et al: "Quantitative Forecasting Analysis of the Number and Structure of Disabled Elderly in China", Journal of Population, 2017, No. 6, p. 88.
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26. 企业到学校“抢人”,养老护理人才缺口超500万_链老. Enterprises to the school "snatch people", nursing care talent gap of more than 5 million_Chain old. https://www.linkolder.com/article/8628858 (Access on 2024.2.13)
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29. 石琤. 居家养老的影响因素与政策选择[ J]. 社会保障评论, 2019, 3(4):146-159.Hang Seng Shi. Influencing Factors and Policy Options of Aging in Place[ J]. Social Security Review, 2019, 3(4):146-159.
30. 完善国家治理,加快解决发展不平衡问题理论 人民网. Improving national governance, accelerating the solution to the problem of unbalanced development Theory People's Daily Online. http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1206/c40531-29688610.html (Access on 2024.2.13)
31. 武亦文. 中国式现代化背景下长期护理社会保险制度的法治实现[J]. 当代法学,2023,37(5):64-75. Wu, Yi-wen. Rule of law realisation of long-term care social insurance system in the context of Chinese-style modernisation[J]. Contemporary Law,2023,37(5):64-75. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4781.2023.05.006.
32. 应对老龄化,49个城市试点长期护理保险,长护险走向何方? Coping with aging, 49 cities pilot long-term care insurance, where is long-term care insurance headed? https://m.bjnews.com.cn/detail/1701436680169717.html (Access on 2024.2.13)
33. 张文娟,梅真. 长期护理保险对受益人他评生活满意度的影响研究[J]. 中国卫生政策研究,2023,16(4):9-17.Zhang Wenjuan,Mei Zhen. A study on the effect of long-term care insurance on observer-rating life satisfaction of beneficiaries[J]. China Health Policy Research,2023,16(4):9-17. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2982.2023.04.002.
34. 长护险试点惠及1.7亿参保人,呈现这些新变化_医保要闻_新闻动态_云南省医疗保障局. Long-term care insurance pilot benefited 170 million participants, showing these new changes_Medicare News_News_Yunnan Medical Protection Bureau.(n.d.). https://ylbz.yn.gov.cn/index.php?c=show&id=4094 (Access on 2024.2.13)
35. 中国发展报告2020:中国人口老龄化的发展趋势和政策 - 中国发展研究基金会. "China Development Report 2020: Development Trends and Policies of Population Aging in China"- the China Development Research Foundation.(n.d.). https://www.cdrf.org.cn/laolinghua/index.htm (Access on 2024.2.13)
2. 49个城市试点长护险 建立失能人员照护体系 要闻视频 中国政府网. 49 cities to pilot long-term care insurance to establish care system for disabled people Video News, China.gov.cn. https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/shipin/202306/content_6887207.htm (Access on 2024.2.13)
3. Bundesministerium der Justiz, § § 45a bis 45d SGB XI Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Elftes Buch (XI) Soziale Pflegeversicherung [EB/OL]. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/sgb_11/ (Access on 2024.2.13)
4. China Social Security System Overview Committee. A general overview of China's social security system [M]. China Democracy and Legal System Publication House, 1995
5. Liu Meng, Wang Chen, Yin Ling. Overview of issues related to long-term care insurance [J]. Health Soft Science, 2022, 36(1):78-80.
6. Response of the National Health Security Bureau to Recommendation No. 6394 of the Fourth Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress, Medical Insurance Letter [2021] No. 128.
7. SDD-SPPS project working papers series long-term care for older persons in Asia and the pacific, Long-term care for older persons in China, https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Long%20Term%20Care%20for%20older%20persons%20in%20China.pdf (Access on 2024.2.13)
8. Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (2013). Law on Protecting the Rights and Benefits of the Older Persons of the People’s Republic of China, Order No. 72 of the President of the People's Republic of China. Beijing: People’s Republic of China.
9. The National Bureau of Statistics https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/202302/t20230206_1902005.html (Access on 2024.2.13)
10. The National Bureau of Statistics, 王萍萍：人口总量保持增长 城镇化水平稳步提升Wang Pingping: Total Population Keeps Growing Urbanisation Level Steadily Increasing https://www.stats.gov.cn/xxgk/jd/sjjd2020/202201/t20220118_1826609.html (Access on 2024.2.13)
11. United Nations (2019), World Population Prospects 2019: Methodology of the United Nations population estimates and projections, United Nations, https://population.un.org/wpp/. (Access on 2024.2.13)
12. Wang, K., Ke, Y., Sankaran, S., & Xia, B. (2021). Problems in the home and community‐based long‐term care for the elderly in China: A content analysis of news coverage. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 36(5), 1727–1741. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3255 (Access on 2024.2.13)
13. WHO Ageing and Health Programme & Milbank Memorial Fund. (2000). Towards an international consensus on policy for long-term care of the ageing. World Health Organization. pp.6 https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66339 (Access on 2024.2.13)
14. World Health Organization. Long-Term Care Team, WHO Cross-Cluster Initiative on Long-Term Care & WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on Health of the Elderly. (2002). Lessons for long-term care policy / the Cross Cluster Initiative on Long-Term Care. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/67275 (Access on 2024.2.13)
15. 戴卫东 徐谷雄.(2018).长护险的“有所为”和“有所不为”.中国社会保障(05),24-25. Dai, W. D. Xu, G. X. (2018). The "do's" and "don'ts" of long-term care insurance. China Social Security (05), 24-25.
16. 戴卫东,汪倩格,朱儒城 林雯洁.(2022).长期护理保险试点政策的特征、问题与路径优化——基于两批29个国家试点城市政策的比较分析.中国软科学(10),41-50.Dai, W. D., Wang, C. G., Zhu, R. C. Lin, W. J.. (2022). Characteristics, problems and path optimisation of long-term care insurance pilot policies - A comparative analysis based on the policies of two batches of 29 national pilot cities. China Soft Science (10), 41-50.
17. 戴卫东.(2015).日本、韩国长期护理教育培训体系比较及思考.老龄科学研究(10), 72-79.Weidong Dai. (2015). Comparison of long-term care education and training systems in Japan and South Korea and reflections. Scientific Research on Aging (10), 72-79.
18. 戴卫东.(2023).中国长期护理保险的理论依据、制度框架与关键机制. 社会保障评论 (01),95-106. Weidong Dai. (2023). Theoretical basis, institutional framework and key mechanisms of long-term care insurance in China. Social Security Review (01), 95-106. doi:CNKI:SUN:SBPL.0.2023-01-007.
19. 党俊武: 《老龄蓝皮书: 中国城乡老年人生活状况调查报告 (2018) 》， 社会科学文献出版社 2018 年版， 第 138-167页. Dang Junwu, "Blue Book on Ageing: Survey Report on the Living Conditions of the Elderly in Urban and Rural Areas of China (2018)", Social Sciences Academic Press, 2018 edition, pp. 138-167. pp.
20. 邓清文,魏艳,陈英耀. 我国长期护理保险的供需分析与建议[J]. 医学与社会,2023,36(1):87-92. Q.W. Deng,Y. Wei,Y.Y. Chen. Analysis of supply and demand of long-term care insurance in China and countermeatures[J]. Medicine and Society,2023,36(1):87-92. DOI:10.13723/j.yxysh.2023.01.016.
21. 戈艳霞,王添翼. 人口老龄化背景下医保基金可持续发展的风险分析[J]. 中国医疗保险,2021(2):20-25. Gao Yanxia, Wang Tianyi. Risk analysis of sustainable development of medical insurance fund in the context of population aging[J]. China Medical Insurance,2021(2):20-25. DOI:10.19546/j.issn.1674-3830.2021.2.007.
22. 国家医疗保障局 政策法规 国家医保局办公室 民政部办公厅关于印发《长期护理失能等级评估标准(试行)》的通知. National Medical Insurance Administration Policies and Regulations Office of the National Medical Insurance Administration General Office of the Ministry of Civil Affairs on the Issuance of the Long-Term Care Disability Rating Assessment Standards (n.d.). http://www.nhsa.gov.cn/art/2021/8/3/art_37_5692.html (Access on 2024.2.13)
23. 荆涛.长期护理保险研究[D].对外经济贸易大学,2005.Jing Tao. Research on long-term care insurance [D]. University of International Business and Economics, 2005.
24. 景跃军、 李涵等: 《我国失能老人数量及其结构的定量预测分析》， 载 《人口学刊》 2017 年第 6 期， 第 88 页. Jing Yuejun, Li Han et al: "Quantitative Forecasting Analysis of the Number and Structure of Disabled Elderly in China", Journal of Population, 2017, No. 6, p. 88.
25. 李畅,陈婷,朱旋 邹照婉.(2024).老龄化背景下长期护理保险法律制度研究.经济师(01),56-58.Chang Li, Ting Chen, Xuan Zhu, Zhaowan Zou. (2024). Research on the legal system of long-term care insurance in the context of aging. Economist(01),56-58.
26. 企业到学校“抢人”,养老护理人才缺口超500万_链老. Enterprises to the school "snatch people", nursing care talent gap of more than 5 million_Chain old. https://www.linkolder.com/article/8628858 (Access on 2024.2.13)
27. 全国人大社会委:推动长期护理保险法治化_中国人大网. Social Committee of the National People's Congress: Promoting the Rule of Law for Long-Term Care Insurance_Chinese National People's Congress. http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2/c30834/202401/t20240123_434374.html (Access on 2024.2.13)
28. 社会救助暂行办法(国务院令第649号) _行政法规_中国政府网. Interim Measures for Social Assistance (State Council Decree No. 649) _Administrative Laws and Regulations_China.org.cn. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2014-02/28/content_2625652.htm (Access on 2024.2.13)
29. 石琤. 居家养老的影响因素与政策选择[ J]. 社会保障评论, 2019, 3(4):146-159.Hang Seng Shi. Influencing Factors and Policy Options of Aging in Place[ J]. Social Security Review, 2019, 3(4):146-159.
30. 完善国家治理,加快解决发展不平衡问题理论 人民网. Improving national governance, accelerating the solution to the problem of unbalanced development Theory People's Daily Online. http://theory.people.com.cn/n1/2017/1206/c40531-29688610.html (Access on 2024.2.13)
31. 武亦文. 中国式现代化背景下长期护理社会保险制度的法治实现[J]. 当代法学,2023,37(5):64-75. Wu, Yi-wen. Rule of law realisation of long-term care social insurance system in the context of Chinese-style modernisation[J]. Contemporary Law,2023,37(5):64-75. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4781.2023.05.006.
32. 应对老龄化,49个城市试点长期护理保险,长护险走向何方? Coping with aging, 49 cities pilot long-term care insurance, where is long-term care insurance headed? https://m.bjnews.com.cn/detail/1701436680169717.html (Access on 2024.2.13)
33. 张文娟,梅真. 长期护理保险对受益人他评生活满意度的影响研究[J]. 中国卫生政策研究,2023,16(4):9-17.Zhang Wenjuan,Mei Zhen. A study on the effect of long-term care insurance on observer-rating life satisfaction of beneficiaries[J]. China Health Policy Research,2023,16(4):9-17. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2982.2023.04.002.
34. 长护险试点惠及1.7亿参保人,呈现这些新变化_医保要闻_新闻动态_云南省医疗保障局. Long-term care insurance pilot benefited 170 million participants, showing these new changes_Medicare News_News_Yunnan Medical Protection Bureau.(n.d.). https://ylbz.yn.gov.cn/index.php?c=show&id=4094 (Access on 2024.2.13)
35. 中国发展报告2020:中国人口老龄化的发展趋势和政策 - 中国发展研究基金会. "China Development Report 2020: Development Trends and Policies of Population Aging in China"- the China Development Research Foundation.(n.d.). https://www.cdrf.org.cn/laolinghua/index.htm (Access on 2024.2.13)
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