Improving growth and yield of okra by intercropping with varying populations of legumes
Sažetak
An experiment was conducted at the Vegetable Research Farm of National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria, in the rain-forest agro-ecological zone in 2016 and 2017 to determine suitable cropping systems to increase yield of okra. Seed of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), cv. LD-88, was planted at a spacing of 60 × 40 cm as an inter- and monocrop to produce an average density of 4.2 plants∙m-2; the intercrops cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], var. Ife brown, and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), var. Kampala, were planted at spacings to provide an average densities of 5.6 plants∙m-2, 4.2 plants∙m-2, 3.3 plants∙m-2 and 2.7 plants∙m-2. Data were collected on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and fruit yield of okra. Year affected plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and fruit yield of okra intercropped with legumes at different densities. Legume densities affected plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter leaf area and fruit yield. Year × legume densities interaction affected plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area and fruit yield of okra. Intercropping okra with peanut at density of 2.7 plants∙m-2 enhanced its growth and yield and appears to be the best configuration for these crops.
Reference
REFERENCES
Akande, M.O. Oluwatoyinbo, F.I. Kayode, C.O. and Olowokere F.A. (2006). Response of maize (Zea mays) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) intercrop relayed with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to different levels of cow dung amended phosphate rock. World Journal of Agriculture Sciences 2(1), pp. 119-122.
Amin, M. and Flowers, T. H. (2004). Evaluation of Kjeldahl Digestion Method. Journal of Research Science. Vol. 15.2: pp. 159 – 179
Bates, R. G. (1954). Electrometric pH Determinations. John Willey and Sons. Inc., New York. 435pp.
Black, C. A. (1965). Methods of Soil Analysis: Agronomy No.9. Part 2 Amer. Soc. Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
Bouyoucos, G. H. (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method of making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal. 43: 434 – 438.
Bouyoucous, G.H. (1951). A calibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal 43, pp. 434-438.
Bray, R. H. and Kurtz. (1945). Determination of total, organic and available forms of P in soils. Soil Science. 59: 39 – 45.
Bremner. J.A. (1965). Total Nitrogen. In: C.A. Black (Edition), Methods of Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. pp. 1149-1176.
Gilley, J.E. Kramer, L.V. and Eghball B. (2002). Managing runoff following manure application. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57(6), pp. 530-533.
Heanes, D. L. (1984). Determination of total organic‐C in soils by an improved chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric procedure. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 15.10: 1191-1213.
Ibeawuchi, I.I. Obiefuna, J.C. and Ofoh, M.C. (2005). Effect of row spacing on yield and yield components of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and mixture groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Journal of Agronomy 4(4), pp. 304-307.
IITA (1982). Automated and semi – automated methods of soil and plant analysis. Manual series No 7. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 4 – 15.
Iyagba, A.G. Onuegbu, B.A. and Ibe, A.E. (2012). Growth and yield response of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] varieties to weed interference in South-Eastern Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 12:8(1), pp. 23-31.
Lithourgidis, A.S. Dordas, C.A. Damalas, C.A. and Vlachostergios, D.N. (2011). Annual Intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5(4), pp. 396-410.
Matusso, J.M.M. Mugwe, J.N. and Mucheru-Muna, M. (2012). Potential role of cereal-legume intercropping systems in integrated soil fertility management in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa Research Application Summary. Third RUFORUM Biennial Meeting 24-28 September 2012, Entebbe, Uganda.
Mehlich, A. (1984). Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: A modification of Mehlich 2 extractant. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis, 15.12: 1409-1416.
Mohammed, M.A., Variyapuri, K. Alagesan, A. Somasundaram, E. Sathyamoorths, K. and Pazhanivelan, S. (2006). Effect of intercropping and organic manures on yield and biological efficiency of cassava intercropping system (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 2(5), pp. 201-208.
Muoneke, C.O. and Asiegbu, J.E. (2008). Effect of okra planting density and spatial arrangement in intercrop with maize on the growth and yield component. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 179, pp. 201-207.
Muoneke, C.O. Asiegbu, J.E. and Udeogalanya, A.C.C. (1997). Effect of relative sowing time on the growth and yield of the component crops in okra/maize and okra/cowpea intercropping systems. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 179(3), pp. 179-185.
Njoku, D.N. and Muoneke, C.O. (2008). Effect of cowpea planting density on growth, yield and productivity of component crops in cowpea/ cassava intercropping system. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food Environment and Extension 7(2), pp. 106-113.
Obasi, M.O. (1989). Some studies on the growth, development and yield of ground bean (Kerstingiella geocarpa Harms). Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. PhD Dissertation.
Odedina, J.N. Fabunmi, T.O. Adigbo, S.O. Odedina, S.A. and Kolawole, R.O. (2014). Evaluation of cowpea varieties [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] for intercropping with okra [Abelmoschus esculenta (L.) Moench]. American Journal of Research Communication 2(2), pp. 92-97.
Olasantan, F.O. and Lucas, E.S. (1992). Intercropping maize with crops of differing canopy heights and similar or different maturities using different spatial arrangement. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1&2(1), pp. 13-15.
Orkwor, G.C., Okereke, O.U. Ezedinma, F.O.C. and Ezumah, H.C. (1991). Critical period of weed interference in maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] and sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]. Nigeria Agricultural Journal 26, pp. 61-70.
Palaniappan S.P. (1985). Cropping systems in the tropics: Principles and management. Willey Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Sanginga, N. and Woomer, P.L. (2009). Integrated soil fertility management in Africa: Principles, practices and development process. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya.
SAS (1999). SAS Institute Inc., SAS/STAT ® User’s Guide, Version 8, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1999.
Seran, T.H. and Brintha, I. (2010). Review on maize based intercropping. Journal of Agronomy 9(3), pp. 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ja.2010.135.145.
Susan, A.J. and Mini. C. (2005). Biological efficiency of intercropping in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 43(1-2), pp. 33-36.
Tajudeen, O.O. (2010). Evaluation of Sorghum-Cowpea intercrop productivity in Savanna agro-ecology using competition indices. Horticulture Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.
Technicon Instrument Corporation. (1973). Preliminary Total Nitrogen (Kjeldhal). Industrial method No. 154 – 71W. Tarrytown N.Y.
Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. (1934). An Examination of Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and Proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method. Soil Science. 37:29 - 38
Watanabe, F. S. and Olsen, S. R. (1965). Test of an Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining P in Water and NaHCO3 Extracts From Soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. 20:677 – 678.a 20:565-573.
Akande, M.O. Oluwatoyinbo, F.I. Kayode, C.O. and Olowokere F.A. (2006). Response of maize (Zea mays) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) intercrop relayed with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to different levels of cow dung amended phosphate rock. World Journal of Agriculture Sciences 2(1), pp. 119-122.
Amin, M. and Flowers, T. H. (2004). Evaluation of Kjeldahl Digestion Method. Journal of Research Science. Vol. 15.2: pp. 159 – 179
Bates, R. G. (1954). Electrometric pH Determinations. John Willey and Sons. Inc., New York. 435pp.
Black, C. A. (1965). Methods of Soil Analysis: Agronomy No.9. Part 2 Amer. Soc. Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin.
Bouyoucos, G. H. (1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method of making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal. 43: 434 – 438.
Bouyoucous, G.H. (1951). A calibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal 43, pp. 434-438.
Bray, R. H. and Kurtz. (1945). Determination of total, organic and available forms of P in soils. Soil Science. 59: 39 – 45.
Bremner. J.A. (1965). Total Nitrogen. In: C.A. Black (Edition), Methods of Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. pp. 1149-1176.
Gilley, J.E. Kramer, L.V. and Eghball B. (2002). Managing runoff following manure application. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 57(6), pp. 530-533.
Heanes, D. L. (1984). Determination of total organic‐C in soils by an improved chromic acid digestion and spectrophotometric procedure. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 15.10: 1191-1213.
Ibeawuchi, I.I. Obiefuna, J.C. and Ofoh, M.C. (2005). Effect of row spacing on yield and yield components of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and mixture groundnut (Arachis hypogaea). Journal of Agronomy 4(4), pp. 304-307.
IITA (1982). Automated and semi – automated methods of soil and plant analysis. Manual series No 7. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 4 – 15.
Iyagba, A.G. Onuegbu, B.A. and Ibe, A.E. (2012). Growth and yield response of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] varieties to weed interference in South-Eastern Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research 12:8(1), pp. 23-31.
Lithourgidis, A.S. Dordas, C.A. Damalas, C.A. and Vlachostergios, D.N. (2011). Annual Intercrops: An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5(4), pp. 396-410.
Matusso, J.M.M. Mugwe, J.N. and Mucheru-Muna, M. (2012). Potential role of cereal-legume intercropping systems in integrated soil fertility management in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa Research Application Summary. Third RUFORUM Biennial Meeting 24-28 September 2012, Entebbe, Uganda.
Mehlich, A. (1984). Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: A modification of Mehlich 2 extractant. Communications in Soil Science & Plant Analysis, 15.12: 1409-1416.
Mohammed, M.A., Variyapuri, K. Alagesan, A. Somasundaram, E. Sathyamoorths, K. and Pazhanivelan, S. (2006). Effect of intercropping and organic manures on yield and biological efficiency of cassava intercropping system (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 2(5), pp. 201-208.
Muoneke, C.O. and Asiegbu, J.E. (2008). Effect of okra planting density and spatial arrangement in intercrop with maize on the growth and yield component. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 179, pp. 201-207.
Muoneke, C.O. Asiegbu, J.E. and Udeogalanya, A.C.C. (1997). Effect of relative sowing time on the growth and yield of the component crops in okra/maize and okra/cowpea intercropping systems. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 179(3), pp. 179-185.
Njoku, D.N. and Muoneke, C.O. (2008). Effect of cowpea planting density on growth, yield and productivity of component crops in cowpea/ cassava intercropping system. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, Food Environment and Extension 7(2), pp. 106-113.
Obasi, M.O. (1989). Some studies on the growth, development and yield of ground bean (Kerstingiella geocarpa Harms). Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria. PhD Dissertation.
Odedina, J.N. Fabunmi, T.O. Adigbo, S.O. Odedina, S.A. and Kolawole, R.O. (2014). Evaluation of cowpea varieties [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] for intercropping with okra [Abelmoschus esculenta (L.) Moench]. American Journal of Research Communication 2(2), pp. 92-97.
Olasantan, F.O. and Lucas, E.S. (1992). Intercropping maize with crops of differing canopy heights and similar or different maturities using different spatial arrangement. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 1&2(1), pp. 13-15.
Orkwor, G.C., Okereke, O.U. Ezedinma, F.O.C. and Ezumah, H.C. (1991). Critical period of weed interference in maize (Zea mays L.) intercropped with yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir), okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] and sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam]. Nigeria Agricultural Journal 26, pp. 61-70.
Palaniappan S.P. (1985). Cropping systems in the tropics: Principles and management. Willey Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Sanginga, N. and Woomer, P.L. (2009). Integrated soil fertility management in Africa: Principles, practices and development process. Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya.
SAS (1999). SAS Institute Inc., SAS/STAT ® User’s Guide, Version 8, Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc., 1999.
Seran, T.H. and Brintha, I. (2010). Review on maize based intercropping. Journal of Agronomy 9(3), pp. 135-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ja.2010.135.145.
Susan, A.J. and Mini. C. (2005). Biological efficiency of intercropping in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 43(1-2), pp. 33-36.
Tajudeen, O.O. (2010). Evaluation of Sorghum-Cowpea intercrop productivity in Savanna agro-ecology using competition indices. Horticulture Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.
Technicon Instrument Corporation. (1973). Preliminary Total Nitrogen (Kjeldhal). Industrial method No. 154 – 71W. Tarrytown N.Y.
Walkley, A. and Black, I. A. (1934). An Examination of Degtjareff Method for Determining Soil Organic Matter and Proposed Modification of the Chromic Acid Titration Method. Soil Science. 37:29 - 38
Watanabe, F. S. and Olsen, S. R. (1965). Test of an Ascorbic Acid Method for Determining P in Water and NaHCO3 Extracts From Soils. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings. 20:677 – 678.a 20:565-573.
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