GROWTH RESPONSE, FLOCK UNIFORMITY, ORGAN WEIGHT, ABDOMINAL FAT, CARCASS YIELD AND HEPATIC HISTOLOGY OF FINISHER BROILER CHICKEN FED TOASTED PIGEON PEA SEED MEAL
Keywords:
broiler, Cajanus cajan, growth response, organ weight, carcass yield
Abstract
Three hundred (300) 21d old (Arbor-acre) broiler chicks apportioned to five (5) dietary groups of sixty (60) birds each, further replicated six (6) times were fed toasted pigeon pea seed meal to assess the performance, flock uniformity, organ weights, carcass yield and hepatic histology at the finisher phase. A maize-full fat soybean meal diet served as the control diet (I). The toasted Pigeon pea seed meal was incorporated to replace full fat soybean meal at 12.5%, 25.0%, 37.5% and 50.0% in diets II, III, IV and V respectively. Toasting improved the protein content, ether extract, fibre content, metabolizable energy and reduced the anti-nutrients except oxalate. The final weight, total weight change, average weight gain and feed conversion quotent were significant influenced (P<0.05) unlike the average feed intake, mortality and flock uniformity (P>0.05). The eviscerated weight, breast yield, thigh yield, kidney and abdominal fat were also influenced (P<0.05). There were varying levels of hepatic degeneration which increased in intensity as the level of inclusion increased. It ranges from mild sinusoidal congestion, cellular infiltration and necrosis of the cell in the liver. Up to 37.5% toasted pigeon pea seed meal replacement for soybean meal supported optimum growth, breast and thigh yield, and mild to moderate hepatic distruptions
References
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Akande, T. O, Odunsi, A.A., Akinwumi, A. O., Okunlola, D. O., Shittu, M. D. & Afolabi, O. C. (2012). Carcass yield and histopathological changes in meat type chickens fed raw and processed castor bean (Ricinus communis Linn.) cake. Int. J. Agr. Sci., 2(4): 136-142.
Amaefule, K. U. (2002). Evaluation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds as protein source for pullets. Ph.D Thesis. Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Amaefule, K. U. & Nwagbara, N. N. (2004). The effect of processing on nutrient utilization of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal and pigeon pea seed meal based diets by pullets. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3 (8): 543-546. Doi:10.3923/ijps.2004.543.546
Amaefule, K.U. & Obioha, F.C. (2001). Performance and nutrient utilization of broiler fed starter diets containing raw, boiled or dehulled pigeon pea seed (Cajanus cajan). Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 28: 31-39.
Amaefule, K. U., Oke, U. K. & Obioha, F. C. (2007). Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] seed meal in layer diets: 2. Laying performance and egg quality characteristics of pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets during grower and layer stages of life. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6 (6): 445-451. Doi: 10.3923/ijps.2006.639.645
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Ani, A. O. & Okeke G. C. (2011). The Performance of Broiler Birds Fed Varying Levels of Roasted Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Seed Meal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition; 10 (11): 1036-1040. Doi: 10.3923/pjn.2011.1036.1040
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Arif, M., Rehman, A., Saeed, M., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Alagawany, M., Abbas, H., Arian, M. A., Fazlani, S. A., Hussain, A I., & Ayasan, T. (2017). Effect of different processing methods of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on growth performance, carcass traits, and blood biochemical and hematological parameters of broiler chickens. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 41: 38-45. Doi: 10.3906/vet-1602-11
Attia,Y. A., AbdEl- Rahman, S. A. & Qota, E. M. A. (2001). Effects of microbial phytase without out on with cell-wall splitting enzymes on the performance of broilers fed marginal levels of dietary protein and metabolizable energy. Egyptian Poultry Science. 21(11): 521-547, 2001. Doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00508.x
Babiker, H. A., Khadiga, A. A. A. & Elawad, S. M. (2006). Effect of feeding different levels of soaked pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds on broilers chickens performance and profitability. Revised Journal of Animal Vetenary Sciences, 1(1): 1 - 4.
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Emiola, I. A., Ologboho, A. D. & Gous, R. M. (2007). Performance and histological responses of internal organs of broiler chickens fed raw, dehulled, Aqueous and dry- heated kidney bean meal. Poult. Sci., (2007). 86: 1234-1240. Doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1234.
Esonu, B. O. (2006). Animal nutrition and feeding: A functional approach, 2nd Ed., Memory Press, Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria.
Furlan, R. L., Faria Filho, D. E., Rosa, P. S. & Macari, M. (2004). Does low-protein diet improve broiler performance under heat stress conditions? Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 6(2): 71-79, 2004. Doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X2004000200001
Hiai, S., Oura, H. & Nakajima, T. (1989). Color reaction of some sapogenins nd saponins with vanillin sulphoric acid. Planta Medica 29: 116-122.
Holanda, M. A. C., Ludke, M. C. M. M., Ludke, J. V., Holanda, M. C. R., Rabello, C. B. V., Dutra Jr, W. M., Vigoderis, R. B. & Costa, A. A. G. (2009). Performance and carcass characteroistics of bropiler chicken receiving diets with hydrolyzed feather meal. Revista Brasileira de Saude e Producao Animal. 10(3): 696-707. Doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2017.05.005.
Igene, F. U., Isika, M. A., Oboh, S. O & Ekundayo, D. A. (2012). Replacement value of boiled pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on growth performance, carcass and haematological responses of broiler chickens. Asian Journal of Poultry Sciences, 6 (1): 1-9. Doi:10.3923/ajpsaj.2012.1.9.
Iyayi, E. A., Aderemi, F. A., Ladele, O. O. & Popoola, A. S. (2014). Effects of low protein diets supplemented with amino acids (Methionine or lysine) on performance of broilers. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4(5): 525-531, 2014.
Kakade, M. L., Simons, N. & Liener, I. E. (1969). An evaluation of natural versus synthetic substrates for measuring the antitryptic activity of soybean samples. Cereal Chemistry 46:518-526.
Maga, J. A. (1983). Phytate: Its Chemistry: Occurrence, Food Interactions, Nutritional Significance and Method of Analysis.
Mallikarjuna, N., Saxena, K. B. & Jadhav, D. R., (2011). Cajanus. In: Chittaranjan, K. (Eds). Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources - legume crops and forages. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Ojedapo, L. O., Adedeji, T. A. & Ameen, SA. (2009). Effect of strain and age on egg quality characteristics of two different strains of layer chicken kept in cages in derived savanna zone of Nigeria. In: Proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN), Sept. 14-17, LAUTECH Ogbomoso, Nigeria, 1-3.
Ojediran, T. K., Adisa, Y. A., Yusuf, S. A & Emiola, I. A., (2014). Nutritional evaluation of processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals: Effect on growth performance of broiler chicks. Journal of Animal Science Advance, 4(11):1110-1121. Doi: 10.5455/jasa.20141115115449
Ojediran, T. K., Oloruntade, T. O., Durojaiye, B. Y., Saka, R. O. & Emiola, I. A. (2016a). Blood parameters, carcass yield, organ weight and villi morphometrics of broilers fed low protein diet in excess of dietary lysine. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 15(2): 121-127. Doi: 10.15547/tjs.2017.02.004
Ojediran, T. K., Ogunmola, B. T., Ajayi, A. O., Adepoju, M. A., Odelade, K. & Emiola, I. A. (2016b). Nutritive value of processed dietary fungi treated Jatropha curcas L. kernel meals: voluntary intake, growth, organ weight and hepatic histology of broiler chicks. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) 93 (2): 101-110.
Ojediran, T. K., Fasola, M. O., Oladele, T. O., Onipede, T. L. & Emiola, I. A. (2017). Growth performance, flock uniformity and economic indices of broiler chickens fed low crude protein diets supplemented with lysine. Arch. Zootec.66 (256): 543-550. Doi: 10.21071/az.v66i256.2770
Oso, A. O., Idowu, O. M. O., Jegede, A. V., Olayemi, W. A., Lala, O. A. & Bamgbose, A. M., (2012). Effect of dietary inclusion of fermented pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) meal on growth, apparent nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of cockerel chicks. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 44 (7): 1581-1586.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent stock. Zootenica International. pp 22-24, 1985.
Rance, K. A., McEntee, G. M. & McDevitt, R. M. (2002). Genetic and phenotypic relationships between and within support and demand tissues in a single line of broiler chicken. British Poultry Science, 43(4): 518-527. Doi.org/10.1080/0007166022000004426
Safameher A (2008). Effect of clinoptilolite on performance, biochemical parameters of Cockerel chicks fed raw full-fat neem (Azardirachta indica) kernel. Vet. Arhiv., 76: 135-144. Doi: 10.1053/rvsc.2000.0395
SAS (2000).SAS/ STAT Guide for personal computers version and Edition, Cary, North Carolina, SAS Insitute; 2000.
Solomon, G. S., Okomoda, V. T. & Oda, S. O. (2017). Nutritional value of toasted pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan seed and its utilization in the diet of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings. Aquaculture Reports, 7: 34-39. Doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2017.05.005
Sarkar, S., Panda, S., Yadav, K. K. & Kandasamy, P. (2018). Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) an important food legume in Indian scenario – A review. Legume Research 4021: 1-10. Doi: 10.18805/LR-4021.
Swain, T. (1979). Tannins and Lignins. In: Rosenthal, G.A and Janzen, D.H (eds) Herbivores: their interaction with plant metabolites. Academic press. New York.
Tangtaweewipat, S. & Elliot, R. (1989). Nutritional value of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) meal in poultry diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 25 (1-2): 123–135.
Doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(89)90113-2
Ahmed, B. H., Ati, K. A. A. & Elawad, S. M. (2006). Effect of feeding different level of soaked pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds on broiler chickens performance and profitability. J Anim Vet Adv. 1: 1-4.
Akande, T. O, Odunsi, A.A., Akinwumi, A. O., Okunlola, D. O., Shittu, M. D. & Afolabi, O. C. (2012). Carcass yield and histopathological changes in meat type chickens fed raw and processed castor bean (Ricinus communis Linn.) cake. Int. J. Agr. Sci., 2(4): 136-142.
Amaefule, K. U. (2002). Evaluation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds as protein source for pullets. Ph.D Thesis. Department of Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
Amaefule, K. U. & Nwagbara, N. N. (2004). The effect of processing on nutrient utilization of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal and pigeon pea seed meal based diets by pullets. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3 (8): 543-546. Doi:10.3923/ijps.2004.543.546
Amaefule, K.U. & Obioha, F.C. (2001). Performance and nutrient utilization of broiler fed starter diets containing raw, boiled or dehulled pigeon pea seed (Cajanus cajan). Nig. J. Anim. Prod., 28: 31-39.
Amaefule, K. U., Oke, U. K. & Obioha, F. C. (2007). Pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] seed meal in layer diets: 2. Laying performance and egg quality characteristics of pullets fed raw or processed pigeon pea seed meal diets during grower and layer stages of life. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 6 (6): 445-451. Doi: 10.3923/ijps.2006.639.645
Amaefule, K. U., Ukpanah, U. A. & Ibok, A. E. (2011). Performance of starter broilers fed raw pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) Seed meal diets supplemented with lysine and or methionine. International Journal of Poultry Sciences; 10: 205-211. Doi: 10.3923/ijps.2011.205.211
Ani, A. O. & Okeke G. C. (2011). The Performance of Broiler Birds Fed Varying Levels of Roasted Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Seed Meal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition; 10 (11): 1036-1040. Doi: 10.3923/pjn.2011.1036.1040
AOAC (2000) Official Methods of Analysis. Association of official Analytical Chemist Inc. 15th ed. Washington DC, USA.
Arif, M., Rehman, A., Saeed, M., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Alagawany, M., Abbas, H., Arian, M. A., Fazlani, S. A., Hussain, A I., & Ayasan, T. (2017). Effect of different processing methods of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on growth performance, carcass traits, and blood biochemical and hematological parameters of broiler chickens. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 41: 38-45. Doi: 10.3906/vet-1602-11
Attia,Y. A., AbdEl- Rahman, S. A. & Qota, E. M. A. (2001). Effects of microbial phytase without out on with cell-wall splitting enzymes on the performance of broilers fed marginal levels of dietary protein and metabolizable energy. Egyptian Poultry Science. 21(11): 521-547, 2001. Doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00508.x
Babiker, H. A., Khadiga, A. A. A. & Elawad, S. M. (2006). Effect of feeding different levels of soaked pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds on broilers chickens performance and profitability. Revised Journal of Animal Vetenary Sciences, 1(1): 1 - 4.
Barbosa Filho, J.A., Almeide, M., Shimokomaki, M., Pinheiro, J. W., Silva, C. A., Michelan Filho, T., Bueno, F. R. & Oba, A. (2017). Growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of griller-type broilers of four genetic lines. Brazillian Journal of Poultry Science, 19(1): 109-114.
Bekele-Tessema, A. (2007). Profitable agroforestry innovations for eastern Africa: experience from 10 agroclimatic zones of Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Eastern Africa Region
Carson, F. L. and Christa, H. (2009). Histotechnology: A Self-Instructional Text (3 ed.). Hong Kong: American Society for Clinical Pathology Press pp. 205.
Cook, B. G., Pengelly, B. C., Brown, S. D., Donnelly, J. L., Eagles, D. A., Franco, M. A., Hanson, J., Mullen, B. F., Patrridge, I. J., Peters, M. & Schultze-Kraft, R. (2005). Tropical forages. CSIRO, DPI&F (Old), CIAT and ILRI, Brisbane, Australia.
Emiola, I. A., Ologboho, A. D. & Gous, R. M. (2007). Performance and histological responses of internal organs of broiler chickens fed raw, dehulled, Aqueous and dry- heated kidney bean meal. Poult. Sci., (2007). 86: 1234-1240. Doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1234.
Esonu, B. O. (2006). Animal nutrition and feeding: A functional approach, 2nd Ed., Memory Press, Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria.
Furlan, R. L., Faria Filho, D. E., Rosa, P. S. & Macari, M. (2004). Does low-protein diet improve broiler performance under heat stress conditions? Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science. 6(2): 71-79, 2004. Doi: 10.1590/S1516-635X2004000200001
Hiai, S., Oura, H. & Nakajima, T. (1989). Color reaction of some sapogenins nd saponins with vanillin sulphoric acid. Planta Medica 29: 116-122.
Holanda, M. A. C., Ludke, M. C. M. M., Ludke, J. V., Holanda, M. C. R., Rabello, C. B. V., Dutra Jr, W. M., Vigoderis, R. B. & Costa, A. A. G. (2009). Performance and carcass characteroistics of bropiler chicken receiving diets with hydrolyzed feather meal. Revista Brasileira de Saude e Producao Animal. 10(3): 696-707. Doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2017.05.005.
Igene, F. U., Isika, M. A., Oboh, S. O & Ekundayo, D. A. (2012). Replacement value of boiled pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) on growth performance, carcass and haematological responses of broiler chickens. Asian Journal of Poultry Sciences, 6 (1): 1-9. Doi:10.3923/ajpsaj.2012.1.9.
Iyayi, E. A., Aderemi, F. A., Ladele, O. O. & Popoola, A. S. (2014). Effects of low protein diets supplemented with amino acids (Methionine or lysine) on performance of broilers. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture 4(5): 525-531, 2014.
Kakade, M. L., Simons, N. & Liener, I. E. (1969). An evaluation of natural versus synthetic substrates for measuring the antitryptic activity of soybean samples. Cereal Chemistry 46:518-526.
Maga, J. A. (1983). Phytate: Its Chemistry: Occurrence, Food Interactions, Nutritional Significance and Method of Analysis.
Mallikarjuna, N., Saxena, K. B. & Jadhav, D. R., (2011). Cajanus. In: Chittaranjan, K. (Eds). Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources - legume crops and forages. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Ojedapo, L. O., Adedeji, T. A. & Ameen, SA. (2009). Effect of strain and age on egg quality characteristics of two different strains of layer chicken kept in cages in derived savanna zone of Nigeria. In: Proceedings of 14th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN), Sept. 14-17, LAUTECH Ogbomoso, Nigeria, 1-3.
Ojediran, T. K., Adisa, Y. A., Yusuf, S. A & Emiola, I. A., (2014). Nutritional evaluation of processed Jatropha curcas kernel meals: Effect on growth performance of broiler chicks. Journal of Animal Science Advance, 4(11):1110-1121. Doi: 10.5455/jasa.20141115115449
Ojediran, T. K., Oloruntade, T. O., Durojaiye, B. Y., Saka, R. O. & Emiola, I. A. (2016a). Blood parameters, carcass yield, organ weight and villi morphometrics of broilers fed low protein diet in excess of dietary lysine. Trakia Journal of Sciences, 15(2): 121-127. Doi: 10.15547/tjs.2017.02.004
Ojediran, T. K., Ogunmola, B. T., Ajayi, A. O., Adepoju, M. A., Odelade, K. & Emiola, I. A. (2016b). Nutritive value of processed dietary fungi treated Jatropha curcas L. kernel meals: voluntary intake, growth, organ weight and hepatic histology of broiler chicks. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) 93 (2): 101-110.
Ojediran, T. K., Fasola, M. O., Oladele, T. O., Onipede, T. L. & Emiola, I. A. (2017). Growth performance, flock uniformity and economic indices of broiler chickens fed low crude protein diets supplemented with lysine. Arch. Zootec.66 (256): 543-550. Doi: 10.21071/az.v66i256.2770
Oso, A. O., Idowu, O. M. O., Jegede, A. V., Olayemi, W. A., Lala, O. A. & Bamgbose, A. M., (2012). Effect of dietary inclusion of fermented pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) meal on growth, apparent nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of cockerel chicks. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 44 (7): 1581-1586.
Pauzenga, U. (1985). Feeding Parent stock. Zootenica International. pp 22-24, 1985.
Rance, K. A., McEntee, G. M. & McDevitt, R. M. (2002). Genetic and phenotypic relationships between and within support and demand tissues in a single line of broiler chicken. British Poultry Science, 43(4): 518-527. Doi.org/10.1080/0007166022000004426
Safameher A (2008). Effect of clinoptilolite on performance, biochemical parameters of Cockerel chicks fed raw full-fat neem (Azardirachta indica) kernel. Vet. Arhiv., 76: 135-144. Doi: 10.1053/rvsc.2000.0395
SAS (2000).SAS/ STAT Guide for personal computers version and Edition, Cary, North Carolina, SAS Insitute; 2000.
Solomon, G. S., Okomoda, V. T. & Oda, S. O. (2017). Nutritional value of toasted pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan seed and its utilization in the diet of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fingerlings. Aquaculture Reports, 7: 34-39. Doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2017.05.005
Sarkar, S., Panda, S., Yadav, K. K. & Kandasamy, P. (2018). Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) an important food legume in Indian scenario – A review. Legume Research 4021: 1-10. Doi: 10.18805/LR-4021.
Swain, T. (1979). Tannins and Lignins. In: Rosenthal, G.A and Janzen, D.H (eds) Herbivores: their interaction with plant metabolites. Academic press. New York.
Tangtaweewipat, S. & Elliot, R. (1989). Nutritional value of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) meal in poultry diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 25 (1-2): 123–135.
Doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(89)90113-2
Published
2021/12/28
Section
Original Scientific Paper