Prevencija upotrebe duvana među mladima zasnovana na dokazima
Sažetak
Najveći procenat pušača počinje da puši tokom perioda adolescencije kada rast i razvoj nisu još uvek kompletno završeni. Zavisnost od nikotina se može razviti u kratkom roku od otpočinjanja pušenja, a pušenje tokom adolescencije je povezano sa mnogobrojnim posledicama po zdravlje. Iz navedenih razloga, mladi predstavljaju ključnu ciljnu grupu u kontroli duvana. Zavisnost od nikotina je hronična i recidivirajuća po svojoj prirodi, a preventivne mere usmerene su ne samo na sprečavanje otpočinjanja konzumiranja, već i sprečavanje da oni koji već eksperimentišu sa duvanom razviju zavisnost kao i odvikavanje od pušenja. Kako bi bile efektivne, preventivne intervencije treba da budu zasnovane na teorijskim okvirima i dokazima i naučnim saznanjima o determinantama ponašanja. U prethodnim decenijama, uočena je neefektivnosti pojedinih preventivnih intervencija, dok su pojedine intervencije i dalje predmet debate. U radu su prikazani dokazi iz istraživanja o efektivnosti školskih programa, programa u zajednici, medijskih kampanja, uz ukazivanje na potrebu sagledavanja novih mogućnosti i izazova u kontroli duvana kao što je rano otkrivanje zavisnosti od nikotina kod adolescenata. Dokazi pokazuju da mnoge preventivne intervencije nisu zasnovane na teorijskom konceptu, kao i da pojedine intervencije mogu biti i kontraproduktivne. Bez obzira na vrstu i okruženje u kome se preventivne intervencije sprovode, važno je uzeti u obzir kontekst u kojem će intervencije biti sprovedene.
Reference
1. WHO. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2019. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2019.
2. WHO. WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER Package. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2008.
3.National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2012. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK99237/
4. Reitsma MB, Fullman N, Ng M, Salama JS, Abajobir A, Abate KH, et al. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet. 2017. 389(10082): p. 1885-1906.
5.Arrazola RA, Pun E, De Quevedo GI, Babb S, Armour BS. Current Tobacco Smoking and Desire to Quit Smoking Among Students Aged 13–15 Years — Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 61 Countries, 2012–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017(66): p. 533–537.
6.Kilibarda B, Nikolic N, Krstev S, Sovic N, Gudelj Rakic J. Globalno istrazivanje upotrebe duvana kod mladih 13-15 godina u Srbiji 2017. godine. Institut za javno zdravlje Srbije: 2018.
7. Doll R, R Peto. Cigarette smoking and bronchial carcinoma: dose and time relationships among regular smokers and lifelong non-smokers. Journal of epidemiology and community health.1978;32(4): p. 303-313.
8. Peto R. Influence of dose and duration of smoking on lung cancer rates. IARC Sci Publ. 1986(74); p. 23-33.
9.Dierker L, Hedeker D, Rose J, Selya A, Mermelstein R. Early emerging nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescence predict daily smoking in young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;151:267-271. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.009
10.Doubeni CA, Reed G, Difranza JR. Early course of nicotine dependence in adolescent smokers. Pediatrics. 2010;125(6):1127-1133. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-0238
11.DeBry SC, Tiffany ST. Tobacco-induced neurotoxicity of adolescent cognitive development (TINACD): a proposed model for the development of impulsivity in nicotine dependence. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(1):11-25. doi:10.1080/14622200701767811
12. Brown RA, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR, Wagner EF. Cigarette smoking, major depression, and other psychiatric disorders among adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(12):1602-1610. doi:10.1097/00004583-199612000-00011
13. Deas D. Adolescent substance abuse and psychiatric comorbidities. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67 Suppl 7:18-23.
14. Leavell H, Clark E. Preventive medicine for the doctor in his community an epidemiologic approach. 1 st edition, New York: McGraw-Hill; 1958
15. Strasser T. Reflections on cardiovascular diseases. Interdisciplinary science reviews. 1978. 3(3): p. 225-230.
16. Weintraub WS, Daniels SR, Burke LE, Franklin BA, Goff DC, Hayman LL, et al. Value of primordial and primary prevention for cardiovascular disease: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;124(8):967-990. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182285a81
17.Pandve HT. Quaternary prevention: need of the hour. Journal of family medicine and primary care. 2014. 3(4): p. 309-310.
18.Mrazek PJ, Haggerty RJ. Reducing risks for mental disorders: frontiers for preventive intervention research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1994
19.Gordon RS. An Operational Classification of Disease Prevention. Public Health Reports. 1983; 98(2): p. 107-109.
20.WHO. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 2003, updated reprint 2004, 2005 Available from:http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/42811/1/9241591013.pdf?ua=1.
21.Sharma M. Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones & Bartlett Publishers: 2016
22. Elders MJ, Perry CL, Eriksen MP, Giovino GA. The report of the Surgeon General: preventing tobacco use among young people. Am J Public Health. 1994;84(4):543-547. doi:10.2105/ajph.84.4.543
23.Medina-Mora ME. Prevention of substance abuse: a brief overview. World Psychiatry. 2005; 4(1): p. 25-30.
24.Sussman S. Risk factors for and prevention of tobacco use. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 2005; 44(7): p. 614-619.
25. Pentz M A. Evidence-Based Prevention: Characteristics, Impact, and Future Direction. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 2003; 35(sup1): p. 143-152.
26. Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice. John Wiley & Sons: 2015
27.Prochaska J O. Johnson S and Lee P. The transtheoretical model of behavior change. 2009.
28.Bartholomew E LK. Kay. Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass:2006
29.Durell J, Bukoski W. Preventing substance abuse: the state of the art. Public Health Rep. 1984;99(1):23-31.
30.Bandura A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall:1977
31.Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, US. Prentice-Hall, Inc: 1986; xiii, 617-xiii, 617.
32. Wiehe SE, Garrison MM, Christakis DA, Ebel BE, Rivara FP. A systematic review of school-based smoking prevention trials with long-term follow-up. J Adolesc Health. 2005;36(3):162-169. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.12.003
33. Nishio A, Saito J, Tomokawa S, Kobayashi J, Makino Y, Akiyama T. et al. Systematic review of school tobacco prevention programs in African countries from 2000 to 2016. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192489. Published 2018 Feb 6. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192489
34. Thomas R E, McLellan J and Perera R. Effectiveness of school-based smoking prevention curricula: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015. 5(3): p. e006976.
35. De Kleijn MJ, Farmer MM, Booth M, Motala A, Smith A, Sherman S et al. Systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent smoking for girls. Syst Rev. 2015;4:109. Published 2015 Aug 14. doi:10.1186/s13643-015-0082-7
36.National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Efforts to Prevent and Reduce Tobacco Use Among Young People. In: Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2012.
37.Gingiss PM, Roberts-Gray C, Boerm M. Bridge-it: a system for predicting implementation fidelity for school-based tobacco prevention programs. Prev Sci. 2006;7(2):197-207. doi:10.1007/s11121-006-0038-1
38.Sherman EJ and Primack BA. What works to prevent adolescent smoking? A systematic review of the National Cancer Institute's Research-Tested Intervention Programs. The Journal of school health. 2009. 79(9): p. 391-399.
39. Luna-Adame M, Carrasco-Giménez TJ and Rueda-García MdM. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a smoking prevention program based on the ‘Life Skills Training’ approach. Health Education Research. 2013. 28(4): p. 673-682.
40. Dusenbury L, Brannigan R, Hansen WB, Walsh J, Falco M. Quality of implementation: developing measures crucial to understanding the diffusion of preventive interventions. Health Educ Res. 2005;20(3):308-313. doi:10.1093/her/cyg134
41. Golechha M. Health Promotion Methods for Smoking Prevention and Cessation: A Comprehensive Review of Effectiveness and the Way Forward. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:7. Published 2016 Jan 11. doi:10.4103/2008-7802.173797
42. Backett-Milburn K, Wilson S. Understanding peer education: insights from a process evaluation. Health Educ Res. 2000;15(1):85-96. doi:10.1093/her/15.1.85
43.Clarke JH, MacPherson B, Holmes DR, Jones R. Reducing adolescent smoking: a comparison of peer-led, teacher-led, and expert interventions. The Journal of School Health. 1986 Mar;56(3):102-106. DOI: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.1986.tb05707.x.
44.Black DR, Tobler NS and Sciacca J.P. Peer helping/involvement: an efficacious way to meet the challenge of reducing alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among youth? J Sch Health. 1998. 68(3): p. 87-93.
45.Bilgiç N. and T. Günay. Evaluation of effectiveness of peer education on smoking behavior among high school students. Saudi medical journal, 2018. 39(1): p. 74-80.
46.Abdi F. and Simbar M. The Peer Education Approach in Adolescents- Narrative Review Article. Iranian journal of public health. 2013. 42(11): p. 1200-1206.
47.Thomas RE, Baker PRA, Thomas BC, Lorenzetti DL. Family‐based programmes for preventing smoking by children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD004493. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004493.pub3.
48.Harvey J, Chadi N and Canadian Paediatric Society, Adolescent Health Committee. Preventing smoking in children and adolescents: Recommendations for practice and policy. Paediatr Child Health. 2016;21(4):209-221. doi:10.1093/pch/21.4.209
49.Pbert L, Farber H, Horn K, lando HA, Muramoto M, O’Laughin et al. State-of-the-art office-based interventions to eliminate youth tobacco use: the past decade. Pediatrics. 2015;135(4):734-747. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2037
50.Christakis DA, Garrison MM, Ebel BE, Wiehe SE, Rivara FP. Pediatric smoking prevention interventions delivered by care providers: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2003;25(4):358-362. doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00214-9
51.Leventhal H, Cleary PD. The smoking problem: a review of the research and theory in behavioral risk modification. Psychological bulletin, 1980. 88(2): p. 370.
52.DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Fletcher K, O’Laughin J, Pbert L, Ockene JK et al. Symptoms of tobacco dependence after brief intermittent use: the Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youth-2 study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(7):704-710. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.7.704
53.O'Loughlin J, DiFranza J, Tyndale RF, Meshefedjian G, McMillan-Davey E, Clarke PBS et al. Nicotine-dependence symptoms are associated with smoking frequency in adolescents. American journal of preventive medicine.2003. 25(3): p. 219-225.
54.Gervais A, O'Loughlin J, Meshefedjian G, Bancej C, Tremblay M. Milestones in the natural course of onset of cigarette use among adolescents. CMAJ. 2006;175(3):255-261. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051235
55.O'Dell LE. A psychobiological framework of the substrates that mediate nicotine use during adolescence. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):263-278. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.039
56.Garrison MM, Christakis DA, Ebel BE, Wiehe SE, Rivara FP. Smoking cessation interventions for adolescents: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2003;25(4):363-367. doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00213-7
57.Zhan W, Dierker LC, Rose JS, Selya A, Mermelstein RJ. The natural course of nicotine dependence symptoms among adolescent smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(12):1445-1452. doi:10.1093/ntr/nts031
58.Aguirre-Molina M, Gorman DM. Community-based approaches for the prevention of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use. Annu Rev Public Health. 1996;17:337-358. doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.002005
59.Bloch P, Toft U, Reinbach HC, et al. Revitalizing the setting approach - supersettings for sustainable impact in community health promotion. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11:118. Published 2014 Sep 14. doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0118-8
60.Dr Anneke Bühler, Dr Johannes Thrul. Prevention of addictive behaviours. 2015: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015
61.Wakefield MA, Loken B, Hornik RC. Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. Lancet. 2010;376(9748):1261-1271. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60809-4
62.van den Putte B, Yzer M, Southwell BG, de Bruijn GJ, Willemsen MC. Interpersonal communication as an indirect pathway for the effect of antismoking media content on smoking cessation. J Health Commun. 2011;16(5):470-485. doi:10.1080/10810730.2010.546487
63.Brinn MP, Carson KV, Esterman AJ, Chang AB, Smith BJ. Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD001006. Published 2010 Nov 10. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001006.pub2
64.Stead M, Angus K, Langley T, Katikireddi SV, Hinds K, Hilton S, Lewis T et al. Mass media to communicate public health messages in six health topic areas: a systematic review and other reviews of the evidence. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2019 Apr. (Public Health Research, No. 7.8.) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK540706/ doi: 10.3310/phr07080
65.Bala MM, Strzeszynski L, Topor-Madry R. Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;11(11):CD004704. Published 2017 Nov 21. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004704.pub4
66.Carson‐Chahhoud KV, Ameer F, Sayehmiri K, Hnin K, van Agteren JEM, Sayehmiri F, Brinn MP, Esterman AJ, Chang AB, Smith BJ. Mass media interventions for preventing smoking in young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD001006. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001006.pub3.
67.Goldman LK, Glantz SA. Evaluation of antismoking advertising campaigns. JAMA. 1998;279(10):772-777. doi:10.1001/jama.279.10.772
68.Hornik RC, Yanovitzky I. Using Theory to Design Evaluations of Communication Campaigns: The Case of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign. Commun Theory. 2003;13(2):204-224. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2003.tb00289.x
69.Darren M, ,Hawkins KB, Bredfeldt C, Wolf H, Tercyak KP. The effects of framed messages for engaging adolescents with online smoking prevention interventions, Translational Behavioral Medicine, Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2017, Pages 196–203, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-017-0481-5
70.Prokhorov AV, Kelder SH, Shegog R, Conroy JL, Murray N, Peters R, et al. Project ASPIRE: an Interactive, Multimedia Smoking Prevention and Cessation curriculum for culturally diverse high school students. Subst Use Misuse. 2010;45(6):983-1006. doi:10.3109/10826080903038050
71.Hefler M, Liberato SC, Thomas DP. Incentives for preventing smoking in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):CD008645. Published 2017 Jun 6. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008645.pub3
72.Kok G, Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Gottlieb NH, Fernández ME. Finding theory- and evidence-based alternatives to fear appeals: Intervention Mapping. Int J Psychol. 2014;49(2):98-107. doi:10.1002/ijop.12001
73.Landman A, Ling PM, Glantz SA. Tobacco industry youth smoking prevention programs: protecting the industry and hurting tobacco control. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(6):917-930. doi:10.2105/ajph.92.6.917
74.Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011;6:42. Published 2011 Apr 23. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
75. Brotherhood A and Sumnall H R., European drug prevention quality standards: a quick guide. 2013: EMCDDA.
76.Jepson, R.G., Harris, F.M., Platt, S. et al. The effectiveness of interventions to change six health behaviours: a review of reviews. BMC Public Health 10, 538 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-538
77.Ridde V, Pérez D, Robert E. Using implementation science theories and frameworks in global health BMJ Global Health 2020;5:e002269.
78.EMCDDA, Prevention and Evaluation Resources Kit (PERK). 2010, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.