THE INFLUENCE OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS ON THE TOXICITY OF PLATINUM-BASED CHEMOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
Keywords:
single nucleotide polymorphisms, cisplatin, toxicity
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most frequent and the deadliest of malignant diseases throughout the world. Target and immune therapy have revolutionalised the treatment of this disease, but platinum-based chemotherapy still has a place in the treatment algorithm. The toxicity profile of cisplatin is well known and can be a limiting factor in the adequate treatment delivery of the drug. There are important interindividual differences in the efficacy and the toxicity of all chemotherapy drugs, which cannot be explained solely by the characteristics of the tumor. In order to define predictive factors for the occurrence of toxic effects, many genetic alterations have been investigated, especially single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genes investigated are those involved in DNA repair mechanisms, signal pathways of apoptosis, DNA synthesis, transport mechanisms, but often with inconclusive and opposing results. It is clear that the effect of SNPs on the occurrence of cisplatin toxicity cannot be explained by investigating just one or several genes alone, but epigenetic interactions must be investigated, as well as interactions with outside factors. The study of SNPs is, however, a relatively simple and inexpensive method and as such can be used as one of the prognostic tools for everyday practice.
References
REFERENCE:
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11. Shewach DS, Kuchta RD. Introduction to cancer chemotherapeutics. Chem Rev. 2009 Jul;109(7):2859–61.
12. Miller RP, Tadagavadi RK, Ramesh G, Reeves WB. Mechanisms of Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Toxins (Basel). 2010 Nov;2(11):2490–518.
13. Sheth S, Mukherjea D, Rybak LP, Ramkumar V. Mechanisms of Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity and Otoprotection. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Oct 27;11:338.
14. Amptoulach S, Tsavaris N. Neurotoxicity Caused by the Treatment with Platinum Analogues. Chemother Res Pract. 2011;2011:1–5.
15. Adel N. Overview of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and evidence-based therapies. Am J Manag Care. 2017 Sep;23(14 Suppl):S259–65.
16. Hildebrandt MAT, Gu J, Wu X. Pharmacogenomics of platinum-based chemotherapy in NSCLC. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2009 Jul 1;5(7):745–55.
17. Cao S, Wang S, Ma H, Tang S, Sun C, Dai J, et al. Genome-wide association study of myelosuppression in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with platinum-based chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics J. 2016 Feb;16(1):41–6.
18. Gréen H, Hasmats J, Kupershmidt I, Edsgärd D, de Petris L, Lewensohn R, et al. Using Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Genetic Markers for Carboplatin and Gemcitabine-Induced Toxicities. Clin cancer Res an Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2016 Jan;22(2):366–73.
19. Liu C, Cui H, Gu D, Zhang M, Fang Y, Chen S, et al. Genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: Evidence from meta-analyses and genome-wide association studies. Lung Cancer. 2017 Nov;113:18–29.
20. Xiong Y, Huang B-Y, Yin J-Y. Pharmacogenomics of platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: focusing on DNA repair systems. Med Oncol. 2017 Apr;34(4):48.
21. Cui J-J, Wang L-Y, Zhu T, Gong W-J, Zhou H-H, Liu Z-Q, et al. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions influence platinum-based chemotherapy response and toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):5082.
22. Wang L-Y, Cui J-J, Liu J-Y, Guo A-X, Zhao Z-Y, Liu Y-Z, et al. Gene-gene and gene-environment interaction data for platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Vol. 5, Scientific data. 2018. p. 180284.
23. Liu W, Wang Y, Luo J, Yuan H, Luo Z. Genetic Polymorphisms and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicities in Patients With Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol. 2020;9:1573.
24. Taylor EM, Lehmann AR. Conservation of eukaryotic DNA repair mechanisms. Int J Radiat Biol. 1998 Sep;74(3):277–86.
25. Chatterjee N, Walker GC. Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair, and mutagenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2017 Jun;58(5):235–63.
26. Zheng Y, Deng Z, Yin J, Wang S, Lu D, Wen X, et al. The association of genetic variations in DNA repair pathways with severe toxicities in NSCLC patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy. Int J Cancer. 2017 Dec 1;141(11):2336–47.
27. Powrózek T, Mlak R, Krawczyk P, Homa I, Ciesielka M, Kozioł P, et al. The relationship between polymorphisms of genes regulating DNA repair or cell division and the toxicity of platinum and vinorelbine chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. Clin Transl Oncol. 2016;18(2):125–31.
28. Pérez-Ramírez C, Cañadas-Garre M, Alnatsha A, Villar E, Delgado JR, Faus-Dáder MJ, et al. Pharmacogenetic predictors of toxicity to platinum based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Pharmacol Res. 2016;111:877–84.
29. Ludovini V, Floriani I, Pistola L, Minotti V, Meacci M, Chiari R, et al. Association of Cytidine Deaminase and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Polymorphisms with Response, Toxicity, and Survival in Cisplatin/Gemcitabine-Treated Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Dec 1;6(12):2018–26.
30. Zhang L, Gao G, Li X, Ren S, Li A, Xu J, et al. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and toxicity of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48350–e48350.
31. Pérez-Ramírez C, Cañadas-Garre M, Molina MÁ, Robles AI, Faus-Dáder MJ, Calleja-Hernández MÁ. Contribution of genetic factors to platinum-based chemotherapy sensitivity and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Mutat Res Mutat Res. 2017;771:32–58.
32. Horgan AM, Yang B, Azad AK, Amir E, John T, Cescon DW, et al. Pharmacogenetic and Germline Prognostic Markers of Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(2):296–304.
33. Wang Z, Xu B, Lin D, Tan W, Leaw S, Hong X, et al. XRCC1 polymorphisms and severe toxicity in lung cancer patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy in Chinese population. Lung Cancer. 2008 Oct 1;62(1):99–104.
34. Peng Y, Li Z, Zhang S, Xiong Y, Cun Y, Qian C, et al. Association of DNA base excision repair genes (OGG1, APE1 and XRCC1) polymorphisms with outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 2014 Dec 1;135(11):2687–96.
35. Tan L-M, Qiu C-F, Zhu T, Jin Y-X, Li X, Yin J-Y, et al. Genetic Polymorphisms and Platinum-based Chemotherapy Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Genetic Epidemiology Study Based Meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):5593.
36. Cheng H, Sun N, Sun X, Chen B, Li F FJ et al. Polymorphisms in hMSH2 and hMLH1 and response to platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2010;42(5):310–7.
37. Liu J-Y, Qian C-Y, Gao Y-F, Chen J, Zhou H-H, Yin J-Y. Association between DNA mismatch repair gene polymorphisms and platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Chin J Cancer. 2017 Jan 16;36(1):12.
38. Liu L, Wu C, Wang Y, Zhong R, Duan S, Wei S, et al. Combined Effect of Genetic Polymorphisms in P53, P73 and MDM2 on Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Survival. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Nov 1;6(11):1793–800.
39. Aubrey BJ, Kelly GL, Janic A, Herold MJ, Strasser A. How does p53 induce apoptosis and how does this relate to p53-mediated tumour suppression? Cell Death Differ. 2018;25(1):104–13.
40. Ahmad S. Platinum–DNA Interactions and Subsequent Cellular Processes Controlling Sensitivity to Anticancer Platinum Complexes. Chem Biodivers. 2010 Mar 1;7(3):543–66.
41. Zheng D, Chen Y, Gao C, Wei Y, Cao G, Lu N, et al. Polymorphisms of p53 and MDM2 genes are associated with severe toxicities in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2014;15(11):1542–51.
42. Qian J, Liu H, Gu S, Wu Q, Zhao X, Wu W, et al. Genetic Variants of the MDM2 Gene Are Predictive of Treatment-Related Toxicities and Overall Survival in Patients With Advanced NSCLC. Clin Lung Cancer. 2015 Sep;16(5):e37-53.
43. Huang D, Zhou Y. Nucleotide excision repair gene polymorphisms and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy: A meta?analysis based on 44 studies. Biomed Rep. 2014;2(4):452–62.
44. De Troia B, Dalu D, Filipazzi V, Isabella L, Tosca N, Ferrario S, et al. ABCB1 c.3435C>T polymorphism is associated with platinum toxicity: a preliminary study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2019;83(4):803–8.
45. Qian C-Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu J-Y, Zhou H-H, et al. Associations of genetic polymorphisms of the transporters organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2) with platinum-based chemotherapy response and toxicity in non-sma. Chin J Cancer. 2016;35(1):85.
46. Zazuli Z, Vijverberg S, Slob E, Liu G, Carleton B, Veltman J, et al. Genetic Variations and Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Sep 27;9:1111.
47. Lai SL, Hwang J, Perng RP, Whang-Peng J. Modulation of cisplatin resistance in acquired-resistant nonsmall cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Res. 1995;7(1):31–8.
48. Booton R, Ward T, Heighway J, Ashcroft L, Morris J, Thatcher N. Glutathione-S-transferase P1 isoenzyme polymorphisms, platinum-based chemotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer. 2006 Sep;1(7):679–83.
49. Lv F, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Li Z. Relationship between GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism and myelosuppression induced by platinum-based drugs: a meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers. 2018;33:364–71.
50. Chen J, Yin J, Li X, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Qian C, et al. WISP1 polymorphisms contribute to platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in lung cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Nov 14;15(11):21011–27.
51. Li X, Shao M, Wang S, Zhao X, Chen H, Qian J, et al. Heterozygote advantage of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms on clinical outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Tumour Biol. 2014 Aug 8;35(11):11159–70.
1. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.
2. Bironzo P, Di Maio M. A review of guidelines for lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2018 May;10(Suppl 13):S1556–63.
3. Planchard D, Popat S, Kerr K, Novello S, Smit EF, Faivre-Finn C, et al. Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up†. Ann Oncol. 2018;29(Supplement_4):iv192–237
4. Walshe K. Adverse events in health care: issues in measurement. Qual Health Care. 2000 Mar;9(1):47–52.
5. Syvänen AC. Accessing genetic variation: genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nat Rev Genet. 2001 Dec;2(12):930–42.
6. JS C. DNA Damage & Repair: Mechanisms for Maintaining DNA Integrity. Nat Educ. 2008;1(1):103.
7. Chistiakov DA, Voronova N V, Chistiakov PA. Genetic variations in DNA repair genes, radiosensitivity to cancer and susceptibility to acute tissue reactions in radiotherapy-treated cancer patients. Acta Oncol (Madr). 2008 Jan 1;47(5):809–24.
8. Reiss KA, Hilary Calvert A, O’Dwyer P. Platinum Analogs. In: Jr DV, Lawrence T, Rosenberg S, editors. DeVita, Hellman and Rosenbergś Cancer, Principles and Practice of Oncology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Walters Kluwer; 2019. p. 431–45.
9. Dasari S, Tchounwou PB. Cisplatin in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms of action. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014/07/21. 2014 Oct 5;740:364–78.
10. Siddik ZH. Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of resistance. Oncogene. 2003;22(47):7265–79.
11. Shewach DS, Kuchta RD. Introduction to cancer chemotherapeutics. Chem Rev. 2009 Jul;109(7):2859–61.
12. Miller RP, Tadagavadi RK, Ramesh G, Reeves WB. Mechanisms of Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Toxins (Basel). 2010 Nov;2(11):2490–518.
13. Sheth S, Mukherjea D, Rybak LP, Ramkumar V. Mechanisms of Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity and Otoprotection. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Oct 27;11:338.
14. Amptoulach S, Tsavaris N. Neurotoxicity Caused by the Treatment with Platinum Analogues. Chemother Res Pract. 2011;2011:1–5.
15. Adel N. Overview of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and evidence-based therapies. Am J Manag Care. 2017 Sep;23(14 Suppl):S259–65.
16. Hildebrandt MAT, Gu J, Wu X. Pharmacogenomics of platinum-based chemotherapy in NSCLC. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2009 Jul 1;5(7):745–55.
17. Cao S, Wang S, Ma H, Tang S, Sun C, Dai J, et al. Genome-wide association study of myelosuppression in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with platinum-based chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics J. 2016 Feb;16(1):41–6.
18. Gréen H, Hasmats J, Kupershmidt I, Edsgärd D, de Petris L, Lewensohn R, et al. Using Whole-Exome Sequencing to Identify Genetic Markers for Carboplatin and Gemcitabine-Induced Toxicities. Clin cancer Res an Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2016 Jan;22(2):366–73.
19. Liu C, Cui H, Gu D, Zhang M, Fang Y, Chen S, et al. Genetic polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: Evidence from meta-analyses and genome-wide association studies. Lung Cancer. 2017 Nov;113:18–29.
20. Xiong Y, Huang B-Y, Yin J-Y. Pharmacogenomics of platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: focusing on DNA repair systems. Med Oncol. 2017 Apr;34(4):48.
21. Cui J-J, Wang L-Y, Zhu T, Gong W-J, Zhou H-H, Liu Z-Q, et al. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions influence platinum-based chemotherapy response and toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):5082.
22. Wang L-Y, Cui J-J, Liu J-Y, Guo A-X, Zhao Z-Y, Liu Y-Z, et al. Gene-gene and gene-environment interaction data for platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Vol. 5, Scientific data. 2018. p. 180284.
23. Liu W, Wang Y, Luo J, Yuan H, Luo Z. Genetic Polymorphisms and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicities in Patients With Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol. 2020;9:1573.
24. Taylor EM, Lehmann AR. Conservation of eukaryotic DNA repair mechanisms. Int J Radiat Biol. 1998 Sep;74(3):277–86.
25. Chatterjee N, Walker GC. Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair, and mutagenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2017 Jun;58(5):235–63.
26. Zheng Y, Deng Z, Yin J, Wang S, Lu D, Wen X, et al. The association of genetic variations in DNA repair pathways with severe toxicities in NSCLC patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy. Int J Cancer. 2017 Dec 1;141(11):2336–47.
27. Powrózek T, Mlak R, Krawczyk P, Homa I, Ciesielka M, Kozioł P, et al. The relationship between polymorphisms of genes regulating DNA repair or cell division and the toxicity of platinum and vinorelbine chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC patients. Clin Transl Oncol. 2016;18(2):125–31.
28. Pérez-Ramírez C, Cañadas-Garre M, Alnatsha A, Villar E, Delgado JR, Faus-Dáder MJ, et al. Pharmacogenetic predictors of toxicity to platinum based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Pharmacol Res. 2016;111:877–84.
29. Ludovini V, Floriani I, Pistola L, Minotti V, Meacci M, Chiari R, et al. Association of Cytidine Deaminase and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Polymorphisms with Response, Toxicity, and Survival in Cisplatin/Gemcitabine-Treated Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Dec 1;6(12):2018–26.
30. Zhang L, Gao G, Li X, Ren S, Li A, Xu J, et al. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and toxicity of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48350–e48350.
31. Pérez-Ramírez C, Cañadas-Garre M, Molina MÁ, Robles AI, Faus-Dáder MJ, Calleja-Hernández MÁ. Contribution of genetic factors to platinum-based chemotherapy sensitivity and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Mutat Res Mutat Res. 2017;771:32–58.
32. Horgan AM, Yang B, Azad AK, Amir E, John T, Cescon DW, et al. Pharmacogenetic and Germline Prognostic Markers of Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(2):296–304.
33. Wang Z, Xu B, Lin D, Tan W, Leaw S, Hong X, et al. XRCC1 polymorphisms and severe toxicity in lung cancer patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy in Chinese population. Lung Cancer. 2008 Oct 1;62(1):99–104.
34. Peng Y, Li Z, Zhang S, Xiong Y, Cun Y, Qian C, et al. Association of DNA base excision repair genes (OGG1, APE1 and XRCC1) polymorphisms with outcome to platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 2014 Dec 1;135(11):2687–96.
35. Tan L-M, Qiu C-F, Zhu T, Jin Y-X, Li X, Yin J-Y, et al. Genetic Polymorphisms and Platinum-based Chemotherapy Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Genetic Epidemiology Study Based Meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):5593.
36. Cheng H, Sun N, Sun X, Chen B, Li F FJ et al. Polymorphisms in hMSH2 and hMLH1 and response to platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2010;42(5):310–7.
37. Liu J-Y, Qian C-Y, Gao Y-F, Chen J, Zhou H-H, Yin J-Y. Association between DNA mismatch repair gene polymorphisms and platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Chin J Cancer. 2017 Jan 16;36(1):12.
38. Liu L, Wu C, Wang Y, Zhong R, Duan S, Wei S, et al. Combined Effect of Genetic Polymorphisms in P53, P73 and MDM2 on Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Survival. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Nov 1;6(11):1793–800.
39. Aubrey BJ, Kelly GL, Janic A, Herold MJ, Strasser A. How does p53 induce apoptosis and how does this relate to p53-mediated tumour suppression? Cell Death Differ. 2018;25(1):104–13.
40. Ahmad S. Platinum–DNA Interactions and Subsequent Cellular Processes Controlling Sensitivity to Anticancer Platinum Complexes. Chem Biodivers. 2010 Mar 1;7(3):543–66.
41. Zheng D, Chen Y, Gao C, Wei Y, Cao G, Lu N, et al. Polymorphisms of p53 and MDM2 genes are associated with severe toxicities in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2014;15(11):1542–51.
42. Qian J, Liu H, Gu S, Wu Q, Zhao X, Wu W, et al. Genetic Variants of the MDM2 Gene Are Predictive of Treatment-Related Toxicities and Overall Survival in Patients With Advanced NSCLC. Clin Lung Cancer. 2015 Sep;16(5):e37-53.
43. Huang D, Zhou Y. Nucleotide excision repair gene polymorphisms and prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy: A meta?analysis based on 44 studies. Biomed Rep. 2014;2(4):452–62.
44. De Troia B, Dalu D, Filipazzi V, Isabella L, Tosca N, Ferrario S, et al. ABCB1 c.3435C>T polymorphism is associated with platinum toxicity: a preliminary study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2019;83(4):803–8.
45. Qian C-Y, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Liu J-Y, Zhou H-H, et al. Associations of genetic polymorphisms of the transporters organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1), and ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 2 (ABCC2) with platinum-based chemotherapy response and toxicity in non-sma. Chin J Cancer. 2016;35(1):85.
46. Zazuli Z, Vijverberg S, Slob E, Liu G, Carleton B, Veltman J, et al. Genetic Variations and Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Sep 27;9:1111.
47. Lai SL, Hwang J, Perng RP, Whang-Peng J. Modulation of cisplatin resistance in acquired-resistant nonsmall cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Res. 1995;7(1):31–8.
48. Booton R, Ward T, Heighway J, Ashcroft L, Morris J, Thatcher N. Glutathione-S-transferase P1 isoenzyme polymorphisms, platinum-based chemotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol Off Publ Int Assoc Study Lung Cancer. 2006 Sep;1(7):679–83.
49. Lv F, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Li Z. Relationship between GSTP1 rs1695 gene polymorphism and myelosuppression induced by platinum-based drugs: a meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers. 2018;33:364–71.
50. Chen J, Yin J, Li X, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Qian C, et al. WISP1 polymorphisms contribute to platinum-based chemotherapy toxicity in lung cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Nov 14;15(11):21011–27.
51. Li X, Shao M, Wang S, Zhao X, Chen H, Qian J, et al. Heterozygote advantage of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms on clinical outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Tumour Biol. 2014 Aug 8;35(11):11159–70.
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2021/07/21
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