SARS-COV-2: GENETIČKA VARIJABILNOST, MUTACIJE I VARIJANTE KOJE ZABRINJAVAJU GLOBALNI SVET
Ključne reči:
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, obrasci mutacije, glavne varijante koje zabrinjavaju, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.617
Sažetak
Otkako je otkriven u Vuhanu u Kini, decembra 2019. godine, novi koronavirus nazvan SARS-CoV-2 izaziva razarajuće teške respiratorne infekcije kod ljudi širom sveta. Nova preteća bolest nazvana je COVID-19 i već početkom 2020. godine svet se našao u pandemiji. Uprkos sporoj evolutivnoj stopi SARS-CoV-2 u odnosu na druge RNK viruse, njegov masovni i brzi prenos tokom COVID-19 pandemije, omogućio mu je da stekne značajnu genetsku raznolikost od kada je prvi put ušao u ljudsku populaciju. To je dovelo do pojave brojnih varijanti, od kojih su neke nedavno nazvane „varijantama koje zabrinjavaju“ (VOC). Nove varijante SARS-CoV-2 postaju problem ako jedna ili više nezavisnih mutacija rezultuju promenama koje virus čine patogenijim, otpornijim na terapiju, sposobnim da izbegne dejstvo vakcina ili izbegne dijagnostičke testove. Do sada postoje četiri globalno prepoznate VOC (Alfa ili B.1.1.7, Beta ili B.1.351, Gama ili P.1 i nova prepoznata kao VOC Delta ili B.1.617.2 varijanta, dok su područja odakle su prvi put VOC identivikovane: Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo, Južna Afrika, Brazil i Indija. Značajne varijante su one koje sadrže mutacije unutar S gena, posebno u regionu koji kodira receptor vezujećeg domen (RBD) koji prepoznaje i vezuje specifični ACE2 receptor na ćeliji. Ove mutacije su odgovorne za povećanu prenosivost virusa, utiču na težinu bolesti, pouzdanost kliničkih testova, kao i na efikasnost vakcine.
Karakteristike VOC i njihovi mutacijski obrasci, ukazuju na neophodnost njihovog permanentnog veoma pažljivog praćenja na globalnom nivou.
Reference
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