KOMPJUTERIZOVANA TOMOGRAFIJA SRCA U INFEKTIVNOM ENDOKARDITISU
Ključne reči:
Infektivni endokarditis, Kompjuterizovana tomografija srca, Ehokardiografija
Sažetak
Infektivni endokarditis (IE) je retka bolest sa porastom incidence oboljevanja i nepromenjenom visokom stopom mortaliteta, uprkos brzom medicinskom razvoju. Imidžing ima integrativnu ulogu u dijagnozi IE, sa ehokardiografijom kao glavnim dijagnostičkim testom. U porastu je broj istraživačkih podataka o korisnosti kompjuterizovane tomografije srca (CCT) u dijagnostičkom algoritmu IE, ukazujući na njen značaj u otkrivanju morfoloških lezija IE uz isključivanje koronarne arterijske bolesti. Najnovije smernice Evropskog kardiološkog društva u lečenju IE iz 2023. godine, klasifikovale su CCT kao klasu preporuke I i nivo dokaza B u otkrivanju valvularnih i paravalvularnih lezija kod IE nativnih i veštačkih valvula. Ovaj pregledni članak daje sveobuhvatan i savremeni pregled uloge CCT u dijagnozi IE, optimizaciju akvizicionih protokola, karakteristike morfoloških lezija IE, analizu do sada objavljenih istraživanja o dijagnostičkim performansama CCT u poređenju sa ehokardiografijom kao najsavremenijom metodom, postojeća ograničenja i buduće mogućnosti.
Reference
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2. Chambers H, Bayer AS. Native-Valve Infective Endocarditis. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 567-576
3. Hubers SA, DeSimone DC, Gersh BJ, Anavekar NS. Infective Endocarditis: A Contemporary Review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95(5): 982-997
4. Talha KM, Baddour LM, Thornhill MH, Arshad V, Tariq W, Tleyjeh IM, et al. Escalating incidence of infective endocarditis in Europe in the 21st century. Open Heart 2021; 8: e001846
5. Abegaz TM, Bhagavathula AS, Gebreyohannes EA, Mekonnen AB, Abebe TB. Short- and long-term outcomes in infective endocarditis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2017; 17: 291
6. Baltimore RS, Gewitz, M, Baddour LM, Beerman LB, Jackson MA, Lockhart PB, et al. Infective Endocarditis in Childhood: 2015 Update A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015; 132: 1487-1515
7. Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, Donal E, Cosyns B, Laroche C et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. European Heart Journal 2019; 40: 3222–3233
8. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes ML, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Zotti FD, et al. The Task Force for the Management of infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 3075-123
9. Delgado V, Marsan NA, Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. European Heart Journal 2023; 44 (39): 3948–4042
10. Grob A, Thuny F, Villacampa C, Flavian A, Gaubert JY, Raoult D, et al. Cardiac multidetector computed tomography in infective endocarditis: a pictorial essay. Insights Imaging 2014; 5: 559–570
11. Petkovic A, Menkovic N, Petrovic O, Bilbija I, Radovanovic NN, Stanisavljevic D, et al. The Role of Echocardiography and Cardiac Computed Tomography in Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis. J Clin Med 2023; 12 (17): 5482. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175482
12. Pettersson GB, Hussain ST, Shrestha NK, Gordon S, Fraser TG, Ibrahim KS, et al. Infective endocarditis: An atlas of disease progression for describing, staging, coding, and understanding the pathology. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147: 1142-1149
13. Bai AD, Steinberg M, Showler A, Burry L, Bhatia S, Tomlinson GA, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiography for Infective Endocarditis Findings Using Transesophageal Echocardiography as the Reference Standard: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30(7): 639-646
14. Feuchtner GM, Stolzmann P, Dichtl W, Schertler T, Bonatti J, Scheffel H, et al. Multislice Computed Tomography in Infective Endocarditis Comparison with Transesophageal Echocardiography and Intraoperative Findings. JACC 2009; 53 (5): 436–44
15. Koo HJ, Yang DH, Kang JW, Lee JY, Kim DH, Song JM, et al. Demonstration of infective endocarditis by cardiac CT and transoesophageal echocardiography: comparison with intra-operative findings. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 19(2): 199-207
16. Ouchi K, Sakuma T, Ojiri H. Cardiac computed tomography as a viable alternative to echocardiography to detect vegetations and perivalvular complications in patients with infective endocarditis. Japanese Journal of Radiology 2018; 36: 421–428
17. Sims JR, Anavekar NS, Chandrasekaran K, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR, Gersh BJ, et al. Utility of cardiac computed tomography scanning in the diagnosis and pre-operative evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 2018; 34: 1155–1163
18. Oliveira M, Guittet L, Hamon M, Hamon M. Comparative Value of Cardiac CT and Transesophageal Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2020; 2(3): e190189
19. Sifaoui I, Oliver L, Tacher V, Fiore A, Lepeule R, Moussafeur A, at al. Diagnostic Performance of Transesophageal Echocardiography and Cardiac Computed Tomography in Infective Endocarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020; 33(12): 1442-1453
20. Ye W, Ren G, Zhong X, Jian X, Chen O, Ma Q, et al. ECG-gated CT in Aortic Perivalvular Abscess: Comparison with Transesophageal Echocardiography and Intraoperative Findings. Radiology 2020; 297: 334–341
21. Koneru S, Huang SS, Oldan J, Betancor J, Popovic ZB, Rodriguez LL. Role of preoperative cardiac CT in the evaluation of infective endocarditis: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography and surgical findings. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8(4): 439-449
22. Gomes A, Glaudemans A, Touw DJ, Melle JP, Willems TP, Maass AH, et al. Diagnostic value of imaging in infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17(1): e1-e14
23. Gahide G, Bommart S, Demaria R, Sportouch C, Dambia H, Albat B, et al. Preoperative Evaluation in Aortic Endocarditis: Findings on Cardiac CT. AJR 2010; 194: 574–578
24. Habets J, Tanis W, Van Herwerden LA, Van den Brink R, Mali W, De Mol B, et al. Cardiac computed tomography angiography results in diagnostic and therapeutic change in prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 2014; 30: 377–387
25. Verma M, Pandey NN, Kumar S, Ramakrishnan S. Imaging Spectrum of Valvular and Paravalvular Complications of Prosthetic Heart Valve at CT Angiography. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2021; 3(4): e210159
26. Jilaihawi H, Asch FM, Manasse E, Ruiz CE, Jelnin V, Kashif M, et al. Systematic CT methodology for the evaluation of subclinical leaflet thrombosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10: 461–470
27. Aggeli C, Dimitroglou Y, Raftopoulos L, Sarri G, Mavrogeni S, Wong J, et al. Cardiac Masses: The Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in the Differential Diagnosis. Diagnostics 2020: 10: 1088
28. Osorio B, Hou L, Xu J, Pagan E, Piscopiello M. Lambl’s excrescences and a review of therapeutic strategies. Case Reports in Internal Medicine 2018; 5 (3): 13-17
29. Liu J, Frishman WH. Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis. Cardiology in Review 2016; 24 (5): 244-247
30. Saeedan MB, Wang TKM, Cremer P, Wahadat AR, Budde RPJ, Unai S, Pettersson GP, Bolen MA. Role of Cardiac CT in Infective Endocarditis: Current Evidence, Opportunities, and Challenges. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2021; 3(1): e200378
31. Kim IC, Chang S, Hong GR, Lee SH, Lee S, Ha JW, et al. Comparison of Cardiac Computed Tomography with Transesophageal Echocardiography for Identifying Vegetation and Intracardiac Complications in Patients with Infective Endocarditis in the Era of 3-Dimensional Images. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11: e006986
32. Khalique OK, Veillet-Chowdhury M, Choi AD, Feuchtner G, Lopez-Mattei J. Cardiac computed tomography in the contemporary evaluation of infective endocarditis. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 2021; 15: 304–312
33. Afonso L, Kottam A, Reddy V, Penumetcha A. Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis: State of the Art. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19: 127
34. Jain V, Wang TKM, Bansal A, Farwati M, Gad M. Diagnostic performance of cardiac computed tomography versus transesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis: A contemporary comparative meta-analysis. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 2021; 15: 313e321
35. Abdelrahman KM, Chen MY, Dey AK, Virmani R, Finn AV, Khamis RY, et al. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography from Clinical Uses to Emerging Technologies JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020; 76 (10): 1226 - 1243
36. Edvardsen T, Asch FM, Davidson B, Delgado V, DeMaria A, Dilsizian V, et al. Non-invasive imaging in coronary syndromes: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography, in collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 2022; 23 (2): e6–e33
37. Wojda TR, Cornejo K, Lin A, Cipriano A, Nanda S, Amortegui JD, et al. Septic Embolism: A Potentially Devastating Complication of Infective Endocarditis. In: Firstenberg MS, editor. Contemporary Challenges in Endocarditis. Internet: InTech; 2016. p143-167
2. Chambers H, Bayer AS. Native-Valve Infective Endocarditis. N Engl J Med 2020; 383: 567-576
3. Hubers SA, DeSimone DC, Gersh BJ, Anavekar NS. Infective Endocarditis: A Contemporary Review. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95(5): 982-997
4. Talha KM, Baddour LM, Thornhill MH, Arshad V, Tariq W, Tleyjeh IM, et al. Escalating incidence of infective endocarditis in Europe in the 21st century. Open Heart 2021; 8: e001846
5. Abegaz TM, Bhagavathula AS, Gebreyohannes EA, Mekonnen AB, Abebe TB. Short- and long-term outcomes in infective endocarditis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2017; 17: 291
6. Baltimore RS, Gewitz, M, Baddour LM, Beerman LB, Jackson MA, Lockhart PB, et al. Infective Endocarditis in Childhood: 2015 Update A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015; 132: 1487-1515
7. Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, Donal E, Cosyns B, Laroche C et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. European Heart Journal 2019; 40: 3222–3233
8. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes ML, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Zotti FD, et al. The Task Force for the Management of infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. Eur Heart J 2015; 36: 3075-123
9. Delgado V, Marsan NA, Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, et al. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. European Heart Journal 2023; 44 (39): 3948–4042
10. Grob A, Thuny F, Villacampa C, Flavian A, Gaubert JY, Raoult D, et al. Cardiac multidetector computed tomography in infective endocarditis: a pictorial essay. Insights Imaging 2014; 5: 559–570
11. Petkovic A, Menkovic N, Petrovic O, Bilbija I, Radovanovic NN, Stanisavljevic D, et al. The Role of Echocardiography and Cardiac Computed Tomography in Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis. J Clin Med 2023; 12 (17): 5482. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12175482
12. Pettersson GB, Hussain ST, Shrestha NK, Gordon S, Fraser TG, Ibrahim KS, et al. Infective endocarditis: An atlas of disease progression for describing, staging, coding, and understanding the pathology. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 147: 1142-1149
13. Bai AD, Steinberg M, Showler A, Burry L, Bhatia S, Tomlinson GA, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Transthoracic Echocardiography for Infective Endocarditis Findings Using Transesophageal Echocardiography as the Reference Standard: A Meta-Analysis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017; 30(7): 639-646
14. Feuchtner GM, Stolzmann P, Dichtl W, Schertler T, Bonatti J, Scheffel H, et al. Multislice Computed Tomography in Infective Endocarditis Comparison with Transesophageal Echocardiography and Intraoperative Findings. JACC 2009; 53 (5): 436–44
15. Koo HJ, Yang DH, Kang JW, Lee JY, Kim DH, Song JM, et al. Demonstration of infective endocarditis by cardiac CT and transoesophageal echocardiography: comparison with intra-operative findings. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 19(2): 199-207
16. Ouchi K, Sakuma T, Ojiri H. Cardiac computed tomography as a viable alternative to echocardiography to detect vegetations and perivalvular complications in patients with infective endocarditis. Japanese Journal of Radiology 2018; 36: 421–428
17. Sims JR, Anavekar NS, Chandrasekaran K, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR, Gersh BJ, et al. Utility of cardiac computed tomography scanning in the diagnosis and pre-operative evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 2018; 34: 1155–1163
18. Oliveira M, Guittet L, Hamon M, Hamon M. Comparative Value of Cardiac CT and Transesophageal Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2020; 2(3): e190189
19. Sifaoui I, Oliver L, Tacher V, Fiore A, Lepeule R, Moussafeur A, at al. Diagnostic Performance of Transesophageal Echocardiography and Cardiac Computed Tomography in Infective Endocarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020; 33(12): 1442-1453
20. Ye W, Ren G, Zhong X, Jian X, Chen O, Ma Q, et al. ECG-gated CT in Aortic Perivalvular Abscess: Comparison with Transesophageal Echocardiography and Intraoperative Findings. Radiology 2020; 297: 334–341
21. Koneru S, Huang SS, Oldan J, Betancor J, Popovic ZB, Rodriguez LL. Role of preoperative cardiac CT in the evaluation of infective endocarditis: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography and surgical findings. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8(4): 439-449
22. Gomes A, Glaudemans A, Touw DJ, Melle JP, Willems TP, Maass AH, et al. Diagnostic value of imaging in infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17(1): e1-e14
23. Gahide G, Bommart S, Demaria R, Sportouch C, Dambia H, Albat B, et al. Preoperative Evaluation in Aortic Endocarditis: Findings on Cardiac CT. AJR 2010; 194: 574–578
24. Habets J, Tanis W, Van Herwerden LA, Van den Brink R, Mali W, De Mol B, et al. Cardiac computed tomography angiography results in diagnostic and therapeutic change in prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging 2014; 30: 377–387
25. Verma M, Pandey NN, Kumar S, Ramakrishnan S. Imaging Spectrum of Valvular and Paravalvular Complications of Prosthetic Heart Valve at CT Angiography. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2021; 3(4): e210159
26. Jilaihawi H, Asch FM, Manasse E, Ruiz CE, Jelnin V, Kashif M, et al. Systematic CT methodology for the evaluation of subclinical leaflet thrombosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10: 461–470
27. Aggeli C, Dimitroglou Y, Raftopoulos L, Sarri G, Mavrogeni S, Wong J, et al. Cardiac Masses: The Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in the Differential Diagnosis. Diagnostics 2020: 10: 1088
28. Osorio B, Hou L, Xu J, Pagan E, Piscopiello M. Lambl’s excrescences and a review of therapeutic strategies. Case Reports in Internal Medicine 2018; 5 (3): 13-17
29. Liu J, Frishman WH. Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis. Cardiology in Review 2016; 24 (5): 244-247
30. Saeedan MB, Wang TKM, Cremer P, Wahadat AR, Budde RPJ, Unai S, Pettersson GP, Bolen MA. Role of Cardiac CT in Infective Endocarditis: Current Evidence, Opportunities, and Challenges. Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging 2021; 3(1): e200378
31. Kim IC, Chang S, Hong GR, Lee SH, Lee S, Ha JW, et al. Comparison of Cardiac Computed Tomography with Transesophageal Echocardiography for Identifying Vegetation and Intracardiac Complications in Patients with Infective Endocarditis in the Era of 3-Dimensional Images. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11: e006986
32. Khalique OK, Veillet-Chowdhury M, Choi AD, Feuchtner G, Lopez-Mattei J. Cardiac computed tomography in the contemporary evaluation of infective endocarditis. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 2021; 15: 304–312
33. Afonso L, Kottam A, Reddy V, Penumetcha A. Echocardiography in Infective Endocarditis: State of the Art. Curr Cardiol Rep 2017; 19: 127
34. Jain V, Wang TKM, Bansal A, Farwati M, Gad M. Diagnostic performance of cardiac computed tomography versus transesophageal echocardiography in infective endocarditis: A contemporary comparative meta-analysis. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography 2021; 15: 313e321
35. Abdelrahman KM, Chen MY, Dey AK, Virmani R, Finn AV, Khamis RY, et al. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography from Clinical Uses to Emerging Technologies JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020; 76 (10): 1226 - 1243
36. Edvardsen T, Asch FM, Davidson B, Delgado V, DeMaria A, Dilsizian V, et al. Non-invasive imaging in coronary syndromes: recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography, in collaboration with the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 2022; 23 (2): e6–e33
37. Wojda TR, Cornejo K, Lin A, Cipriano A, Nanda S, Amortegui JD, et al. Septic Embolism: A Potentially Devastating Complication of Infective Endocarditis. In: Firstenberg MS, editor. Contemporary Challenges in Endocarditis. Internet: InTech; 2016. p143-167
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2025/10/30
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